Chapter 10

Front 1

Cognitive Psychology

Back 1

the study of how information is modified, made meaningful, stored, retrieved, used and communicated to others.

Front 2

Thinking

Back 2

The manipulation of mental representation

Front 3

Cognition

Back 3

Reasoning, problem solving and decision making.

Front 4

Concept

Back 4

Objects, events, or ideas with common properties (concrete or abstract)

Front 5

Artificial Concepts

Back 5

(Formal Concept) can be defined by a set of rules or properties that each member has, and each nonmember doesn't.

Front 6

Natural Concepts

Back 6

No set of defining features, but instead have characteristic features.

Hint 6

Birds, mammals, amphibians, etc.

Front 7

Prototypes

Back 7

The best representative of a concept, an example that closely matches the defining characteristics of a concept.

Hint 7

Poems are passages that rhyme

Front 8

Schemas

Back 8

Generalization we develop about categories of objects, events and people.

Front 9

Scripts

Back 9

Schemas about familiar sequences of events or activities

Front 10

Propositions

Back 10

Simple ideas about how concepts are related to another.

Hint 10

Apples are red

Front 11

Mental Models

Back 11

A personal theory, a concept about how a system functions. Tend to be incomplete, naturally evolving.

Front 12

Reasoning

Back 12

The process through which we generate arguments, evaluate and reach conclusions about them.

Front 13

Formal Reasoning

Back 13

Mental procedures that yeild valid conclusions (algorithms)

Front 14

Informal Reasoning

Back 14

Conclusion based on the believability of a conclusion based on evidence to support

Front 15

Algorithms

Back 15

Using every possible way to solve a problem

Front 16

Syllogisms

Back 16

An argument made up of two propositions, called premises. Requires deductive reasoning.

Front 17

Conversion Effect

Back 17

The assumption that premises are symmetrical, when often they are not.

Front 18

Heuristics

Back 18

General rules that provide shortcuts, but usually produce more errors than algorithms.

Front 19

Anchoring Heuristic

Back 19

When you estimate an events probability of an occurance, and then make adjustments based on additional info.

Front 20

Framing Effect

Back 20

The way something is posed or presented to you, altering info to make something sound better.

Front 21

Representativeness Heuristics

Back 21

A rule for judging likelihood of something based on how well something fits our prototype or schema.

Front 22

Decomposition

Back 22

Dividing the problem into smaller, more manageable parts.

Front 23

Working Backward

Back 23

Starting at the finish or end and working towards the beginning

Front 24

Analogies

Back 24

Thinking of problems that are similar because similar strategies may work.

Front 25

Incubation

Back 25

Putting the problem aside for awhile and coming back with a fresh perspective

Front 26

Striking Feature Syndrome

Back 26

When an actual feature in a case chosen for a study is given too much weight

Front 27

Casual Uncertainty

Back 27

One cannot conclude solve and effect, because the person may be studying an atypical case.

Front 28

Multiple Hypothesis

Back 28

Cannot all be tested at once, have to isolate the variables independently.

Front 29

Mental Sets

Back 29

The tendency for old patterns of problem solving to persist.

Front 30

Functional Fixedness

Back 30

Using familiar objects in familiar way rather than creative ways.

Front 31

Confirmation Bias

Back 31

Search for information that confirms ones perspective, avoids information that refutes it.

Front 32

Belief Perseverance

Back 32

Once a belief is formed, it takes more compelling evidence to change it than to create it.

Front 33

Risky Decisions

Back 33

Decisions that we make when the result is uncertain

Front 34

Overconfidence

Back 34

Being unrealistically confident about the accuracy of their predictions

Front 35

Group Polarization

Back 35

The enhancement of groups prevailing attitudes through discussion

Front 36

Language

Back 36

Our spoken, written or gestured words and how we combine them to communicate meaning

Front 37

Symbols

Back 37

Words

Front 38

Phoenemes

Back 38

Basic sounds

Hint 38

b, ch, sh.

Front 39

Morphemes

Back 39

The smallest meaningful unit in a language.

Hint 39

(I, a)

Front 40

Overregulation

Back 40

Avoiding exceptions to rules overextend new grammatical rules

Hint 40

I have two feets

Front 41

Rules of Syntax

Back 41

Grammatical rules for combining sentences so that they make sense

Front 42

Semantics

Back 42

Meaning as derived from morphemes, words and sentences

Front 43

Surface structure

Back 43

The words actually spoken

Hint 43

Noam Chomsky

Front 44

Deep Structure

Back 44

The underlying meaning of a sentence

Hint 44

Noam Chomsky