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151 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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neurology
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responsible for carrying electrical messages across all parts of the body
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cepha/o
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head
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concuss/o
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shaken
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cuntus/o
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bruise
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echo/
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sound
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encephal/o
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brain
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-esthesia
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feeling
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gloss/o
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tongue
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fiss/o
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cracks, grooves
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neuro
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nerve
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micro
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small
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olig/o
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small
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phas/o
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speech
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cerebrum
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largest uppermost part of the brain
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cererbrum
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serves as pathway for impulse conduction between brain and spinal cord
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gyri
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folds
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sulci
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furrows
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frontal lobe
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controls motor functions memory and behavior
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parietal
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receives/ interprets nerves impulses from sensory receptors (skin, integral organs)
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occipital
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controls eyesight
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temporal
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controls hearing and smell
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temporal
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create, store, and access new information
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thalamus
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located below brain
monitors sesory stimuli by relaying impulses to and from cerebral cortex to sense organs perception of pain |
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hypothalamus
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integrates autonomic impulses and regulates certain endocrine functions
heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate |
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brainstem
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connects cerebral hemisphere to spinal cord
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midbrain
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superior part, keeps mind conscious, and produces dopamine
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medulla oblongota
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connects spinal cord to the brain
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pons
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relay impulses from brain to body and back
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cerebellum
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2nd largest part of the brain
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cerebellum
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aids in coordination of voluntary movements, maintains balance, posture, muscular tone
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dura mater
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outermost membrane, fibrous, tough
epidural space subdural space |
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arachnoid space
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spider-web resemblence
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pia mater
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innermost layer
nourishes underlaying tissues |
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ventricles
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CSF circulate around spinal cord and brain through
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hydrocephalus
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interference of absorption of CSF resulting in collection of fluid in brain
enlarges cranium |
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spinal cord and nerves
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transmit sensory impulses from body to brain
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epidural space
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lies between dura mater and vertebrae
filled with blood vessels and fatty acids |
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ascending tracts
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transmits sensory impulses from body to brain
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descending tracts
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transmits motor impulses from brain to organs and muscles
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peripheral nervous system
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31 pair of spinal nerves exist between intervertebral spaces
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afferent
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carry impulses toward brain and spinal cord
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efferent
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carry impulses away from brain and spinal cord
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parenchyma
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all neurons
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neuroglia
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nerve glue
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dendrites
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receive impulses and send to cell body
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neurons
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cells that transmit impules
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axon
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extends impulses away from nerve cells
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neurotransmitters
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chemical signalers
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neurotransmitters
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travel through synapse between two neurons
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myelin sheath
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white matter
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gray matter
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nerve tissue
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acetylcholine
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influences muscle actions
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dopamine
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transmits impulses of synapse
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endorphins
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pain relief
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serotonin
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sleep, hunger, pleasure, recognition
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norephinephine
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hypotension and physical stress
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ganglion
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nerve center
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plexon
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network of intersecting nerves and blood cells
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innervation
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supply of nerves to body parts
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receptors
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sites in sensory organs that receive external stimulation
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stimulus
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anything thats excites or activates nerves
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impulse
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wave of excitation through the nerve
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cranial nerve
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12 pair
serve half the body |
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spinal nerve
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cervical
thoracic lumbar sacral |
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autonomic nervous system
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controls involuntary actions of body
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sympathetic
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epinephrine
prepares body for stress or emergency situations by increases heart rate, blood flow, and respiratory rate |
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parasympathetic
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returns body to normal and maintains normal body functions
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somatic nervous system
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innervates skeletal muscles
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somatic nervous system
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associated with walking
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aphasia
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inability to speak write or comprehend the written word
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cephalalgia
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headache
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migrane
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acute, intense headache in one specific area
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cerebral palsy
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defect in brain or trauma during birthing process due to lack of O2
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cerebral palsy
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group of chronic disorders impairing control of movement found in the first few years of like and generally do not worse
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Cerebrovascular accdient
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interruption of blood supply caused by thrombosis and embolism, narrowing of arteries and hemorrhage causing tissue to die
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cerebrovascular accident
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stroke
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CVA
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ischemic
subarachnoid hemorrhage intracerebral hemorrhage |
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transient ischemic attack
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sudden temporary deficient supply of blood to brain
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infarction
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death of tissue due to loss of blood supply
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ischemia
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deficiency in O2 due to obstruction
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concussion
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violent shaking of brain
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SBS
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infant neck muscles are weak during wiplash
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dementia
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Progressive decline in mental abilities accompanied by personality change while maintaining perception, consciousness and motor control
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alzheimer disease
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Progressive disorder marked by deterioration of mental capacity
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absence seizures
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Brief (10-30 second) episodes of unconsciousness
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grand mal seizures
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loss of consciousness with firm violent spasms
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clonic
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alternating contracting/relaxing of muscles
jerking moments |
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tonic
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continuous muscular contraction
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localize seizure
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Begins with specific motor, sensory or psychomotor phenomena w/out loss of consciousness
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encephalitis
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acute inflammation of brain due to bacteria
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hematoma
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Localized collection of blood in brain due to ruptured artery/vein
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narcolepsy
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uncontrolled brief periods of napping
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meningitis
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Inflammation of meninges or spinal cord
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meningitis
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Usually caused by bacteria or virus but also from disease, drugs or injury
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parkinson disease
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progressive neurological disorder
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MS
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Degenerative disease in which body’s immune system attacks CNS, resulting in fatigue, muscle weakness, numbness, impaired balance, vision and mobility
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poliomyelitis
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inflames spinal cord and brainstem
highly contagious |
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radiculitis
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Inflammation of spinal nerve root that lies between spinal cord and intervertebral canal
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amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
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fatal neuromuscular disease characterized by progressive muscle weakness resulting in paralysis
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bells palsy
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facial paralysis due to trauma to 7th cranial nerve
associated with herpes virus |
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Guillan Barre Syndrom
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Acute polyneuritis with progressive muscle weakness in extremities
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conscious
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alert
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syncope
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fainting
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Endocrinology
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works with nervous system, maintains homeostasis (regulate body fluids, acid-base balance, temperature, metabolism), ductless glands which release hormones directly into bloodstream
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lethargy
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lower level consciousness
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stupor
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Impaired consciousness marked by lack of responsiveness to stimuli
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coma
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unconsciousness; no reaction to stimuli
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neuraglia
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Pain along path of nerve caused by injury
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hyperesthesia
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Excessive sensitivity to stimuli
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Hypothalamus
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inferious to thalamus, primary link to between nervous and endocrine systems, secretes substances that stimulate/inhibit hormones produced by anterior pituitary gland (ADH- reabsorbs H2O/Na from kidneys into blood, Oxytocin- stimulates uterus to contract during labor)
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paresthesia
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Sensation (tingling, burning, numbness) for no apparent reason
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peripheral neuropathy
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Damage in feet/hands due to damage of peripheral nerves
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CT Scan
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X-rays create “sliced” images into 3-dimensional image
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MRI
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Magnetic field used to construct image
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Pituitary
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base of brain, "master-gland", regulates body activities, stimulates glands to secrete hormones, Anterior lobe- hormones essential for growth/development of bones, muscles, Posterior lobe- ADH and Oxytocin
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evoked potential
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EEG records changes in brain waves following various stimuli
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nerve conduction study
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Measures speed at which electrical impulse travels along nerve
Usually performed with electromyography to differentiate muscle and nerve disorders |
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Acromegaly
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hypersecretion in adult after normal growth of skeleton, enlargement of extremities (Frankenstein type features), pituitary disorder
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Bobinski sign
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Object strokes lateral sole of foot to se if toes curl up/down
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glasgow coma scale
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Measures depth of coma ranging 3-15
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lumbar puncture
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Obtain CSF for testing between L3-4 or L4-5
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Carotid endarterectomy
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Remove plaque from carotid artery to restore blood flow to brain
Decreases risk of CVA |
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laminectomy
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Remove bony segment of flat area of vertebral arch to relieve pressure on for herniated disk
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Gigantism
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hyper-functioning of GH before puberty and closure of bone growth plates resulting in overgrowth of long bones, growth in height accompanied by growth in muscles and organs
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TIA
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transient ischemic attack
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Dwarfism
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hypo-secretion of GH during childhood and puberty, causes lack of growth and short stature with normal body proportions
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Diabetes Insipidus ID
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hypo-secretion of ADH, causes large amounts of diluted urine, symptoms: excessive urination and extreme thirst
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Pineal Gland
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attached to posterior part of 3rd ventricle on brain, secretes melatonin (maintains body clock and regulates sleep cycle), and serotonin (neurotransmitter, vasoconstrictor, smooth muscle stimulant, inhibits gastric secretion), degenerate around 7 years of age
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Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)
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hyper-secretion of melatonin, mood disorder characterized by depression, weight gain, increased desire for sleep
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Thyroid
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largest gland, H-shaped below larynx, two lobes separated by isthmus, Hormones (T3, T3, Calcitonin)- regulate metabolism, growth, energy level and body temp
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Cretinism
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congenital, mental retardation, impaired growth, abnormal bone formation (Hypo-thyroidism)
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Myexdema
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adults, swelling of subctaneous, connective tissue, enlarged tongue, puffy hands/face, slow speech, mental impairment, edema...(Hypothyroidism)
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Hashimoto Disease
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progressive destruction and chronic inflammation of thyroid, autoimmune- antibodies against own thyroid (Hypo-thyroidism
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Thyrotoxicosis
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life threatening, excessive thyroid hormone in bloodstream (toxic), sudden onset = thyroid storm (Hyperthyroidism)
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Graves' Disease
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most common in hyperthyroidism, elevated metabolic rate, abnormal weight loss, excessive perspiration, muscular weakness, goiter
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Parathyroid
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4 separate glands located on posterior surface of loves of thyroid, hormones regulate homeostasis of calcium by stimulating bones, intestines, and kidneys
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Tetany
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muscle spasms
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Hypocalcemia
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low levels of calcium in hold, reduce electrical threshold
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Hypercalcemia
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weakens bones, may cause kidney stones
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Thymus
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near midline of anterior portion of thoracic cavity, helps with immune system (maturation of T-cells), secretes thymosins
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Pancreas
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exocrine and endocrine gland, inferior to stomach in bend of duodenum, hormones help control blood sugar levels and glucose metabolism (Glucagon, Insulin, Somatostatin)
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Type I Diabetes (IDDM)
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juvenile onset, autoimmunity to beta cells, injection of insulin, diet and exercise
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Type II Diabetes (NIDDM)
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mature onset, more common, family history/obesity, deficiency of insulin secretion
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Insulin Shock
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hypoglycemia resulting in unconsciousness
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Diabetic Ketoacidosis
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cells don't have enough glucose to meet metabolic needs, inadequate insulin levels resulting in high blood sugar and accumulation of organic acids and ketones in blood, most common with Type I
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Adrenal Glands
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on top of kidneys, control electrolyte levels, regulate metabolism, Epinephrine (adrenaline) and Norepinephrine
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Adrenal Cortex
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Mineralocorticosteroid- regulates H2O and salt
Glucocorticoids- influence metabolism, BP, anti-inflammatory, cortisol Gonadocorticoids- influence sex related characteristics |
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Addison's Disease
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hyposecretion of cortisol, 90% of adrenal cortex is destroyed before clinical signs appear, inability to handle internal/external stress
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Cushing's Syndrome
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hypersecretion of cortisol, abnormal growth of adrenal cortices or tumor arising in cortex,
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Fasting Blood Sugar (FSB)
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measures level of glucose in blood after fasting for at least 12 hours, evaluates pancreatic functions
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Glucose Tolerance Test (GTT)
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measures level of glucose in blood and urine after fasting for 12 hours, evaluates pancreatic functions
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