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42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What occurs during the light reactions of photosynthesis?
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-Split H2o
-release 02 -Reduce Nadp+ to Nadph -Generate atp from adp by photo phosphorylation |
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What occurs during the calvin cycle?
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-forms sugar from co2 using atp and nadph
-begins with carbon fixation incorporating co2 into organic molecules |
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C4 photosynthesis
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minimize the cost of photorespiration by incorporating co2 into four carbon compounds in mesophyll cells
requires the enzyme PEP carboxylase |
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CAM photosynthesis
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-open stromata at night incorporating co2 into organic acids
-stromata close during the day and CO2 is released from organic acids and used in calvin cycle |
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Reception (cell signaling)
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-signal molecule binds to a receptor protein causes change of shape
-plasma membrane proteins |
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Transduction (cell signaling)
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-cascades of molecular interactions relay signals from receptors to target molecules in the cell.
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Response (cell signaling)
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regulation of transcription of cytoplasmic activities.
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What are local regulators?
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-animal cells communicate by direct contact or cell-cell recognition
-message molecules travel short distances aka paracine |
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What is long distance signaling?
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releases hormones that travel via circulatory system
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G-Protein coupled receptors
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-largest family of cell surface receptors
-plasma receptor that works with the help of a G protein -When G protein is bound to it, it becomes active |
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Receptor Tyrosine Kinases
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membrane receptors that attach phosphates to tyrosines
trigger multiple signal transduction pathways at once |
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Ligand ion channel
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acts as a gate when the receptor changes shape
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What do protein kinases do?
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transfer phosphates from proteins (phosphorylation)
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What does protein phosphatase do'?
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Remove the phosphates from proteins (dephosphorylation)
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Why is phosphorylation so important in signal transduction?
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It acts as a molecular switch turning activities on and off or up and down as required.
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what are second messengers?
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small non proteins water soluble molecules or ions that spread throughout a cell by diffusion.
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What are the four ways the response at the end of the signal transduction pathway is fine tuned?
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-Amplification of the signal
-specificity of the response -overall efficiency of response enhanced by scaffolding proteins -termination of the signal |
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what is apoptosis?
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controlled cell suicide
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What triggers apoptosis?
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-an extracellular death signaling ligand
-dna damage in the nucleus -protein misfolding in the ER |
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How many sets of chromosomes do somatic cells have?
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2
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How many chromosomes do Gametes have?
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half as many as somatic cells
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What does cell division consists?
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Mitosis
Cytokinesis |
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Mitosis
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the division of genetic material in the nucleus
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Cytokinesis
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The division of the cytoplasm
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What does interphase consist of?
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G1 phase- first gap five to six hours
S phase- synthesis ten to twelve hours G2 phase- second gap 4-6 hours; G0- non dividing state if cell does not receive go ahead signal |
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What are cyclins?
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proteins that control the progression of cells through the cell cycle by activation of cyclin dependent kinase enzymes
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What is density-dependent inhibition?
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When a crowded cell stops dividing
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What is Genetics?
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the scientific study of heredity and variation
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What is Heredity?
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the transmission of traits from one generation to the next
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What is Variation?
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differences in appearance that offspring show from parents and sibling
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What is the gene location on a chromosome called?
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locus
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Asexual reproduction
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a single individual passes genes to its offspring without fusion of gametes.
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Sexual reproduction
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Penis inserts into vagana
two parents give rise (bone) to offspring that have unique combinations of genes inherited from the two parents. |
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Karyotype?
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display of pairs of chromosomes from a cell
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fertilization?
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the union of gametes (sperm and egg)
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what is a fertilized egg called?
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a zygote (has a set of chromosomes from each parent)
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What happens during Meiosis I
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2 daughter cells replicated chromosomes
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What happens during Meiosis II
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4 sister chromatids separate
not genetically identical |
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Difference between Mitosis and Meiosis
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Mitosis- each daughter cell retains a full set of chromosomes
Meiosis-halves chromosomes and produces sperm and egg. |
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What is the independent assortment of chromosomes?
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each pair of chromosomes sorts maternal and paternal homologs into daughter cells independently of the other pairs
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What is crossing over? (genetic variation)
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produces mix of chromosomes which combine DNA inherited from each parent.
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What is random fertilization?
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adds to genetic variation because any sperm can fuse with any ovum (unfertilized egg)
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