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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Observational Study
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A researcher observes and measures characteristics of interest of a part of a population
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Experiment
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A treatment is applied to part of a population and responses are observed
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Simulation
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Uses a mathematical or physical model to reproduce the conditions of a situation or process
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Survey
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An investigation of one or more characteristics of a population
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Confounding Variable
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Occurs when an experimenter cannot tell the difference between the effects of different factors on a variable
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Placebo Effect
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A subject reacts favorably to a placebo when in fact he/she has been given no medical treatment at all
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Blinding
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A technique where the subject does not know whether he/ she is receiving a treatment or a placebo
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Double blind
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An experiment where neither the subject nor the experimenter knows if the subject is receiving a treatment or a placebo
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Randomization
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A process of randomly assigning subjects to different treatment groups
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Randomized Block Design
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Divides subjects with similar characteristics into blocks and then within each block randomly assign subjects to treatment groups
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Match Pair design
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Subjects are paired up according to similarity, one subject in the pair is randomly selected to receive one treatment while the other subject receives a different treatment
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Replication
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The repetition of an experiment using a large group of subjects
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Biased Sample
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Census
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count or measurement of a population
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Sampling Error
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________________
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Random Sample
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subjects are assigned to different treatment groups through random selection
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Simple Random Sample
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every possible sample of the same size has the same chance of being selected
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Stratified Sample
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divide a population into groups and select a random sample from each group
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Cluster Sample
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divide the population into groups (clusters) and select all of the members in one or more, but not all, of the clusters
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Systematic Sample
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choose a starting value at random, then choose every xth member of the population
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Convenience Sample
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Qualitative Data
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consists of attributes, labels, or nonnumerical entries
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Quantitative Data
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consists of numerical measurements or counts
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Nominal Level of Measurement
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Qualitative only; categorizes using names, labels and quantities. NO mathematical computations can be made at this level
-ex. marital status |
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Ordinal Level of Measurement
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Qualitative or Quantitative; can be arranged in order or rank, but differences between data entries
-ex. change in health |
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Ratio Level of Measurement
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Similar to data at the interval level; a ratio of two data values can be formed so that one data value can be meaningfully expressed as a multiple of another
-ex. height, age, pain level, salaries in a particular state |
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Statistics
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the practice or science of collecting and analyzing numerical data in large quantities, esp. for the purpose of inferring proportions in a whole from those in a representative sample
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Data
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consists of information coming from observations, counts, measurements, or responses
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Population
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the collection of ALL outcomes, responses, measurements or counts that are of interest
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Sample
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a subset, or part, of a population
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Parameter
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a numerical description of a population
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Statistic
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a numerical description of a sample characteristic
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Descriptive Statistics
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involving organizing, summarizing, and displaying data
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Inferential Statistic
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Involves using sample data to draw conclusions about a population
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