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32 Cards in this Set
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Microorganisms
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Minute living things that individually are usually too small to be seen with the unaided eye. Includes: fungi, protozoa, algae, multicellular parasites, bacteria, archaea, and viruses.
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Eukaryotic Microorganisms
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-Fungi
-Protozoa -Algae -Multicellular Parasites |
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Prokaryotic Microorganisms
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-Bacteria
-Archaea |
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A-cellular Microorganisms
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-Viruses
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Pathogenic
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Disease producing
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Germ
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Refers to a rapidly growing cell
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Prokaryote
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An organism that does not have their genetic material enclosed in a special nuclear membrane.
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Eukaryotes
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organisms whose cells have a distinct nucleus containing the cells genetic material, surrounded by a special envelope called the nuclear membrane.
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Fungi, protozoa, multicellular animal parasites and algae are eukaryotic.
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Bacteria/Bacterium
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A relatively simple single-celled (unicellular) organisms.
-Prokaryote -Get energy from organic/inorganic chemicals or photosynthesis |
-Reproduce by binary fission
-Peptidoglcan cell walls (carbs, protein) -Can swim if posses flagella -Shapes: bacillus, coccus, spiral, star or square |
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Binary Fission
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Reproducing by dividing into two equal cells
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Archaea
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Prokaryotic cells lacking peptidoglycan cell walls
-Live in extreme environments -Not known to cause human disease -3 different kinds |
-Methanogens- produce methane as a waste product from respiration
-Extreme halophiles- live in extremely salty environments (Great Salt Lake) -Extreme thermophiles- live in hot sulfurous water (hot springs) |
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Fungi
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Eukaryotic organisms that can be unicellular or multicellular.
-Chitin cell walls -Use organic chem. for energy -Can reproduce sexually or asexually |
-Molds and mushrooms are multicellular. Consist of visible masses called mycelia, which are composed of filaments called hyphae (they branch and intertwine
-Yeast are unicellular |
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Protozoa
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Unicellular eukaryotic microbes.
-May be motile via pseudopods, cilia, flagella -Absorb/ingest organic chem. or use photosynthesis for energy |
-Can be parasitic
-Can reproduce sexually or asexually |
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Algae
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Photosynthetic eukaryotes with a wide variety of shapes. The algae of interest are usually unicellular.
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-Cellulose cell walls
-Produce molecular oxygen and organic compounds |
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Viruses
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Extremely small, simple and a-cellular.
-DNA or RNA core -Core is surrounded by a protein coat |
-Coat may be enclosed in a lipid envelope
-Are replicated only while living in a host cell |
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Spontaneous Generation
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The theory that some forms of life could arise spontaneously from non-living matter. They believed that toads, snakes, and mice could be born of moist soil and flies could emerge from manure and maggots could arise from corpses.
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Cell Theory
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All living things are composed of cells and come from pre-existing cells.
-Hooke helped spur this theory |
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Robert Hooke
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He was the first to use a microscope and see that living things are made of boxes or cells , which gave way to cell theory.
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Anton van Leeuwenhoek
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Descried a live microorganism for the first time.
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Louis Pasteur
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Believed that another silkworm disease was caused by a protozoan.
1865 |
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Ignaz Semmeiweis
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Advocated for hand washing to prevent the transmission of puerperal fever from one OB patient to another.
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Joseph Lister
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Applied Pasture's work showing that microbes are in the air, can spoil food, and cause animal diseases, to come up with a chemical disinfectant to prevent surgical would infections.
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Robert Koch
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Proved that the bacterium causes anthrax and provided the experimental steps, he postulates, to prove that a specific microbe causes a specific disease.
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Edward Jenner
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Inoculated a person with cowpox, who was then protected from smallpox. Vaccination is derived from vacca, for cow. The protection is called immunity.
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Louis Pasture
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Work showed discovers that included the relationship between microbes, disease, immunity and antimicrobial drugs.
-He showed that microbes are responsible for fermentation (the conversion of sugar to alcohol to beer and wine) and can also spoil food. |
-He showed that bacteria use alcohol and produce acetic acid turning wine in to vinegar.
-Demonstrated that the spoilage bacteria could be killed by heat that was not hot enough to evaporate the alcohol from the wine -Pasteurization is the application of high heat for a short time. |
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Alexander Fleming
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Discovered the first antibiotic. He observed that Penicillium fungus made an antibiotic that killed S. aureus. In 1940’s it was tested clinically and mass produced.
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Paul Ehrlich
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Speculated about a “magic bullet” that could destroy a pathogen without harming the host.
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Also developed a synthetic arsenic drug, salvarsan, to treat syphilis
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Resistance
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The ability of the body to ward off disease.
-Resistant factors include skin, stomach acid, and antimicrobial chemicals |
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Normal Microbiota
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-Bacteria were once classified as plants, giving rise to the use of the term flora for microbes. The term flora has been replaced by the term microbiota.
-Microbes normally present in and on the human body are called normal microbiota |
-They prevent growth of pathogens
-Produce growth factors such as folic acid and vitamin K |
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Biofilms
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-Microbes attach to solid surfaces and grow into masses
-They will grow on rocks, pipes, teeth, and medical implants |
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Emerging Infectious diseases (EIDs)
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New diseases and diseases increasing incidence.
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Infectious Disease
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When a pathogen overcomes the hosts resistance to to disease.
Examples -Avian Influenza A H5N1 -Swine flu H1N1 -MRSA -West Nile Encephalitis |
-Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (mad cow’s disease)
-E. coli -Ebola Hemorrhagic fever and similarly the Marbur virus -Cryptosporidiosis- protozoa contaminated water supply causing a diarrheal illness -HIV |