• Shuffle
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Alphabetize
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Front First
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Both Sides
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Read
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
Reading...
Front

Card Range To Study

through

image

Play button

image

Play button

image

Progress

1/32

Click to flip

Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;

Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;

H to show hint;

A reads text to speech;

32 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
  • 3rd side (hint)
Microorganisms
Minute living things that individually are usually too small to be seen with the unaided eye. Includes: fungi, protozoa, algae, multicellular parasites, bacteria, archaea, and viruses.
Eukaryotic Microorganisms
-Fungi
-Protozoa
-Algae
-Multicellular Parasites
Prokaryotic Microorganisms
-Bacteria
-Archaea
A-cellular Microorganisms
-Viruses
Pathogenic
Disease producing
Germ
Refers to a rapidly growing cell
Prokaryote
An organism that does not have their genetic material enclosed in a special nuclear membrane.
Eukaryotes
organisms whose cells have a distinct nucleus containing the cells genetic material, surrounded by a special envelope called the nuclear membrane.
Fungi, protozoa, multicellular animal parasites and algae are eukaryotic.
Bacteria/Bacterium
A relatively simple single-celled (unicellular) organisms.
-Prokaryote
-Get energy from organic/inorganic chemicals or photosynthesis
-Reproduce by binary fission
-Peptidoglcan cell walls (carbs, protein)
-Can swim if posses flagella
-Shapes: bacillus, coccus, spiral, star or square
Binary Fission
Reproducing by dividing into two equal cells
Archaea
Prokaryotic cells lacking peptidoglycan cell walls
-Live in extreme environments
-Not known to cause human disease
-3 different kinds
-Methanogens- produce methane as a waste product from respiration
-Extreme halophiles- live in extremely salty environments (Great Salt Lake)
-Extreme thermophiles- live in hot sulfurous water (hot springs)
Fungi
Eukaryotic organisms that can be unicellular or multicellular.
-Chitin cell walls
-Use organic chem. for energy
-Can reproduce sexually or asexually
-Molds and mushrooms are multicellular. Consist of visible masses called mycelia, which are composed of filaments called hyphae (they branch and intertwine
-Yeast are unicellular
Protozoa
Unicellular eukaryotic microbes.
-May be motile via pseudopods, cilia, flagella
-Absorb/ingest organic chem. or use photosynthesis for energy
-Can be parasitic
-Can reproduce sexually or asexually
Algae
Photosynthetic eukaryotes with a wide variety of shapes. The algae of interest are usually unicellular.
-Cellulose cell walls
-Produce molecular oxygen and organic compounds
Viruses
Extremely small, simple and a-cellular.
-DNA or RNA core
-Core is surrounded by a protein coat
-Coat may be enclosed in a lipid envelope
-Are replicated only while living in a host cell
Spontaneous Generation
The theory that some forms of life could arise spontaneously from non-living matter. They believed that toads, snakes, and mice could be born of moist soil and flies could emerge from manure and maggots could arise from corpses.
Cell Theory
All living things are composed of cells and come from pre-existing cells.
-Hooke helped spur this theory
Robert Hooke
He was the first to use a microscope and see that living things are made of boxes or cells , which gave way to cell theory.
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
Descried a live microorganism for the first time.
Louis Pasteur
Believed that another silkworm disease was caused by a protozoan.

1865
Ignaz Semmeiweis
Advocated for hand washing to prevent the transmission of puerperal fever from one OB patient to another.
Joseph Lister
Applied Pasture's work showing that microbes are in the air, can spoil food, and cause animal diseases, to come up with a chemical disinfectant to prevent surgical would infections.
Robert Koch
Proved that the bacterium causes anthrax and provided the experimental steps, he postulates, to prove that a specific microbe causes a specific disease.
Edward Jenner
Inoculated a person with cowpox, who was then protected from smallpox. Vaccination is derived from vacca, for cow. The protection is called immunity.
Louis Pasture
Work showed discovers that included the relationship between microbes, disease, immunity and antimicrobial drugs.
-He showed that microbes are responsible for fermentation (the conversion of sugar to alcohol to beer and wine) and can also spoil food.
-He showed that bacteria use alcohol and produce acetic acid turning wine in to vinegar.
-Demonstrated that the spoilage bacteria could be killed by heat that was not hot enough to evaporate the alcohol from the wine
-Pasteurization is the application of high heat for a short time.
Alexander Fleming
Discovered the first antibiotic. He observed that Penicillium fungus made an antibiotic that killed S. aureus. In 1940’s it was tested clinically and mass produced.
Paul Ehrlich
Speculated about a “magic bullet” that could destroy a pathogen without harming the host.
Also developed a synthetic arsenic drug, salvarsan, to treat syphilis
Resistance
The ability of the body to ward off disease.
-Resistant factors include skin, stomach acid, and antimicrobial chemicals
Normal Microbiota
-Bacteria were once classified as plants, giving rise to the use of the term flora for microbes. The term flora has been replaced by the term microbiota.
-Microbes normally present in and on the human body are called normal microbiota
-They prevent growth of pathogens
-Produce growth factors such as folic acid and vitamin K
Biofilms
-Microbes attach to solid surfaces and grow into masses
-They will grow on rocks, pipes, teeth, and medical implants
Emerging Infectious diseases (EIDs)
New diseases and diseases increasing incidence.
Infectious Disease
When a pathogen overcomes the hosts resistance to to disease.
Examples
-Avian Influenza A H5N1
-Swine flu H1N1
-MRSA
-West Nile Encephalitis
-Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (mad cow’s disease)
-E. coli
-Ebola Hemorrhagic fever and similarly the Marbur virus
-Cryptosporidiosis- protozoa contaminated water supply causing a diarrheal illness
-HIV