Chapter 1: The Microbial World And You

Front 1

Microorganisms

Back 1

Minute living things that individually are usually too small to be seen with the unaided eye. Includes: fungi, protozoa, algae, multicellular parasites, bacteria, archaea, and viruses.

Front 2

Eukaryotic Microorganisms

Back 2

-Fungi
-Protozoa
-Algae
-Multicellular Parasites

Front 3

Prokaryotic Microorganisms

Back 3

-Bacteria
-Archaea

Front 4

A-cellular Microorganisms

Back 4

-Viruses

Front 5

Pathogenic

Back 5

Disease producing

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Germ

Back 6

Refers to a rapidly growing cell

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Nomenclature

Back 7

Established by Carolus Linnaeus.
-Names usually come from description of organism, name of researcher or habit.
Ex. Staphylococcus aureus Staphylococcus a. (abbreviation can be used after full name is used)

Hint 7

-Genus is first name, always capitalized
-Specific epithet/species, not capitalized
-Both are always italicized or underlined

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Prokaryote

Back 8

An organism that does not have their genetic material enclosed in a special nuclear membrane.

Front 9

Eukaryotes

Back 9

organisms whose cells have a distinct nucleus containing the cells genetic material, surrounded by a special envelope called the nuclear membrane.

Hint 9

Fungi, protozoa, multicellular animal parasites and algae are eukaryotic.

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Bacteria/Bacterium

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A relatively simple single-celled (unicellular) organisms.
-Prokaryote
-Get energy from organic/inorganic chemicals or photosynthesis

Hint 10

-Reproduce by binary fission
-Peptidoglcan cell walls (carbs, protein)
-Can swim if posses flagella
-Shapes: bacillus, coccus, spiral, star or square

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Binary Fission

Back 11

Reproducing by dividing into two equal cells

Front 12

Archaea

Back 12

Prokaryotic cells lacking peptidoglycan cell walls
-Live in extreme environments
-Not known to cause human disease
-3 different kinds

Hint 12

-Methanogens- produce methane as a waste product from respiration
-Extreme halophiles- live in extremely salty environments (Great Salt Lake)
-Extreme thermophiles- live in hot sulfurous water (hot springs)

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Fungi

Back 13

Eukaryotic organisms that can be unicellular or multicellular.
-Chitin cell walls
-Use organic chem. for energy
-Can reproduce sexually or asexually

Hint 13

-Molds and mushrooms are multicellular. Consist of visible masses called mycelia, which are composed of filaments called hyphae (they branch and intertwine
-Yeast are unicellular

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Protozoa

Back 14

Unicellular eukaryotic microbes.
-May be motile via pseudopods, cilia, flagella
-Absorb/ingest organic chem. or use photosynthesis for energy

Hint 14

-Can be parasitic
-Can reproduce sexually or asexually

Front 15

Algae

Back 15

Photosynthetic eukaryotes with a wide variety of shapes. The algae of interest are usually unicellular.

Hint 15

-Cellulose cell walls
-Produce molecular oxygen and organic compounds

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Viruses

Back 16

Extremely small, simple and a-cellular.
-DNA or RNA core
-Core is surrounded by a protein coat

Hint 16

-Coat may be enclosed in a lipid envelope
-Are replicated only while living in a host cell

Front 17

Multicellular Animal Parasites

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-Eukaryotic
-Two major groups- parasitic flatworms and round worms (called helminths)
-Only microscopic in some stages

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Classification of Microorganisms

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Based on cellular organization of the organism.
1. Bacteria- peptidoglycan walls
2. Archaea- if has a cell wall, not made of peptidoglycan.

Hint 18

3. Eukarya:
a. Protists (slime molds, protozoa and algae)
b. Fungi (yeast, mold, mushroom)
c. Plants
d. Animals (sponges, worms, insects, vertebrates)

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Immunology

Back 19

The study of immunity.
-Vaccines and interferons are being looked a to prevent and cure viral diseases

Hint 19

-Rebecca Lancefield proposed that we us immunology to identify some bacteria according to stereo types (1933)

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Bacteriology

Back 20

The study of bacteria.

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Mycology

Back 21

The study of fungi.

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Virology

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The study of viruses.

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Parasitology

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The study of protozoa and parasitic worms.

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Spontaneous Generation

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The theory that some forms of life could arise spontaneously from non-living matter. They believed that toads, snakes, and mice could be born of moist soil and flies could emerge from manure and maggots could arise from corpses.

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Cell Theory

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All living things are composed of cells and come from pre-existing cells.
-Hooke helped spur this theory

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Robert Hooke

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He was the first to use a microscope and see that living things are made of boxes or cells , which gave way to cell theory.

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Anton van Leeuwenhoek

Back 27

Descried a live microorganism for the first time.

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Agostino Bassi

Back 28

Showed that a silkworm disease was caused by a fungus.

1835

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Louis Pasteur

Back 29

Believed that another silkworm disease was caused by a protozoan.

1865

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Ignaz Semmeiweis

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Advocated for hand washing to prevent the transmission of puerperal fever from one OB patient to another.

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Joseph Lister

Back 31

Applied Pasture's work showing that microbes are in the air, can spoil food, and cause animal diseases, to come up with a chemical disinfectant to prevent surgical would infections.

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Robert Koch

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Proved that the bacterium causes anthrax and provided the experimental steps, he postulates, to prove that a specific microbe causes a specific disease.

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Edward Jenner

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Inoculated a person with cowpox, who was then protected from smallpox. Vaccination is derived from vacca, for cow. The protection is called immunity.

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Louis Pasture

Back 34

Work showed discovers that included the relationship between microbes, disease, immunity and antimicrobial drugs.
-He showed that microbes are responsible for fermentation (the conversion of sugar to alcohol to beer and wine) and can also spoil food.

Hint 34

-He showed that bacteria use alcohol and produce acetic acid turning wine in to vinegar.
-Demonstrated that the spoilage bacteria could be killed by heat that was not hot enough to evaporate the alcohol from the wine
-Pasteurization is the application of high heat for a short time.

Front 35

Alexander Fleming

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Discovered the first antibiotic. He observed that Penicillium fungus made an antibiotic that killed S. aureus. In 1940’s it was tested clinically and mass produced.

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Paul Ehrlich

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Speculated about a “magic bullet” that could destroy a pathogen without harming the host.

Hint 36

Also developed a synthetic arsenic drug, salvarsan, to treat syphilis

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Microbes in Our Lives

Back 37

-A Few are pathogenic
-Decompose organic waste
-Are producers in the ecosystem by photosynthesis

Hint 37

-Produce industrial chemicals such as ethanol and acetone
-Produce fermented foods such as vinegar, cheese and bread
-Produce products used in manufacturing (cellulase, insulin)

Front 38

Drugs

Back 38

-Treatment with chemicals is chemotherapy
-Chemotheraputic agents used to treat infectious disease can be synthetic drugs or antibiotics

Hint 38

-Antibiotics are chemicals produced by bacteria and fungi that inhibit or kill other microbes
-Quinine from tree bark was used to treat malaria
-1930’s: sulfonamides were synthesized

Front 39

Bioremediation

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Bacteria degrade organic matter in sewage. Bacteria also degrade or detoxify pollutants such as oil and mercury.

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Biotechnology

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The use of microbes to produce foods and chemicals is centuries old

Hint 40

Recombinant DNA Technology: a new technique for biotech. Enables bacteria/fungi to produce a variety of proteins including vaccines and enzymes
-Can treat missing or defective genes in human cells which can be replaced with gene therapy
-Can also use genetically modified bacteria to help protect crops from insects and from freezing

Front 41

Microbial Ecology

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Bacteria recycle carbon, nutrients, sulfur and phosphorus that can be used by plants and animals

Front 42

Biological Insecticides

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-Microbes that are pathogenic to insects are alternatives to chemical pesticides in preventing insect damage to agricultural crops and disease transmission

Hint 42

-Bacillus thuringiensis infections are fatal in many insects but are harmless to other animals, humans and plants.

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Germ Theory of Disease

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The idea that microorganisms might have similar relationships with plants and animas, specifically, that microorganisms might cause disease.

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Resistance

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The ability of the body to ward off disease.
-Resistant factors include skin, stomach acid, and antimicrobial chemicals

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Normal Microbiota

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-Bacteria were once classified as plants, giving rise to the use of the term flora for microbes. The term flora has been replaced by the term microbiota.
-Microbes normally present in and on the human body are called normal microbiota

Hint 45

-They prevent growth of pathogens
-Produce growth factors such as folic acid and vitamin K

Front 46

Biofilms

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-Microbes attach to solid surfaces and grow into masses
-They will grow on rocks, pipes, teeth, and medical implants

Front 47

Emerging Infectious diseases (EIDs)

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New diseases and diseases increasing incidence.

Front 48

Infectious Disease

Back 48

When a pathogen overcomes the hosts resistance to to disease.
Examples
-Avian Influenza A H5N1
-Swine flu H1N1
-MRSA
-West Nile Encephalitis

Hint 48

-Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (mad cow’s disease)
-E. coli
-Ebola Hemorrhagic fever and similarly the Marbur virus
-Cryptosporidiosis- protozoa contaminated water supply causing a diarrheal illness
-HIV