Chapter 1 The Human Body: An Orientation

Front 1

The Study of Cells

Back 1

Cytology

Front 2

The Study of Tissues

Back 2

Histology

Front 3

The Condition where the body maintains a relatively stable internal environment is called?

Back 3

Homeostasis

Front 4

Where is the Visceral Peritoneum?

Back 4

Covers the Abdominopelvic Cavity - "Digestive Organs"

Front 5

The Idea that structure and function are closely related is ?

Back 5

Complementarity

Front 6

Which plane divides the body in top (superior) and bottom ( inferior ) parts ?

Back 6

Transverse

Front 7

The plane that divides the body into EQUAL right and left halves ?

Back 7

Midsagittal

Front 8

The plane that divides the body into right and left halves?

Back 8

Sagittal

Front 9

The Plane that divides the body into UNEQUAL right and left halves?

Back 9

parasagittal

para means (around)

Front 10

The plane that divides the body into front and back parts?

Back 10

Frontal ( coronal )

Front 11

Anterior/Ventral

Back 11

Front

Front 12

Posterior/Dorsal

Back 12

Back

Front 13

What are the 4 primary tissue types in humans?

Back 13

Connective, Nervous, Epithelial, Muscle

Front 14

The Lungs are located in which body Cavity?

Back 14

2 Pleural Cavities, within the Thoracic Cavity, within the Ventral Cavity

Front 15

The Brain is located in what body cavity?

Back 15

Cranial Cavity

Front 16

The term Brachial refers to which body part?

Back 16

Upper Arm

Front 17

The term Popliteal refers to?

Back 17

Back of The Knee

Front 18

The tern Gluteal refers to?

Back 18

The Butt

Front 19

The term Buccal refers to?

Back 19

The inside of the Cheek

Front 20

Which Body System protects underlying tissues ; and synthesizes vitamin D?

Back 20

The Integumentary System

Front 21

Which Body System brings O2 TO CELLS and CO2 TO THE LUNGS?

Back 21

The Cardiovascular System

Front 22

Which Body System controls the Body System with Hormones?

Back 22

The Endocrine System

Front 23

Which Body System includes the Brain and Spinal Cord?

Back 23

The Nervous System

Front 24

Which Body System Produces the Sperm and the Egg?

Back 24

The Reproductive System

Front 25

What is Nitrogeneous Waste?

Back 25

Urine

Front 26

Which Body System Eliminates Nitrogenous Waste?

Back 26

The Urinary Syatem

Front 27

Which Body System BRINGS Oxygen into the body and TAKES OUT Carbon Dioxide?

Back 27

The Respiratory System

Front 28

Which body system allows movement, helps maintain posture and produces heat?

Back 28

The Muscular System

Front 29

Which body system provides support and acts like levers?

Back 29

The Skeletal System

Front 30

Which Body Cavity is the Spine housed in?

Back 30

Vertebral Cavity is the Specific Answer

Dorsal is the Broad Answer

Front 31

The Study of Function is Called?

Back 31

Physiology ( how is works )

Front 32

The Study of Structure is Called?

Back 32

Anatomy ( parts of things )

Front 33

Negative Feedback Works to Prevent?

Back 33

Sudden Severe Changes in the Body

Front 34

Example of Negative Feedback

Back 34

Fever & Chills

Front 35

Blood Clotting and Labor are examples of what type of Feedback?

Back 35

Positive Feedback because it enhances and amplifies

Front 36

Examples of Positive Feedback

Back 36

Plug Formation Oxytocin

Front 37

Standing Facing Forward with Palms facing forward would be termed as?

Back 37

Anatomical Position

Front 38

The Brain is part of What Body System?

Back 38

The Nervous System

Front 39

The Liver is in what Body Cavity?

Back 39

Abdominal Cavity is the Specific Answer

Abdominopelvic is the Broad Answer

Front 40

The Urinary Bladder ad Rectum is in What Body Cavity?

Back 40

Pelvic Cavity

Front 41

What is the Serous Membrane that covers the heart?

Back 41

Visceral Pericardium

Front 42

What is the Serous Membrane that lines the walls of the abdominopelvic cavity?

Back 42

Parietal Perioneum

Front 43

List the Order of information Flow in a Homeostatic Control Mechanism

Back 43

Receptor> Afferent> Control Center> Efferent> Effector

Know this Both Ways!!!

Front 44

What is the Most Abundant Chemical in the Body?

Back 44

Water

Front 45

What is the Serous Membrane that Lines the Thoracic Cavity?

Back 45

Parietal Pleura

Front 46

The Skeleton is Divided into two major divisions

Back 46

Axial & Appendicular

Front 47

What Skeleton includes the Head, Neck and Trunk.

Back 47

The Axial

Front 48

What Skeleton includes the Limbs?

Back 48

The Appendicular

Front 49

The Fingers are _______to the Wrist.

Back 49

Distal

Front 50

The Elbow is ___________ to the Shoulder.

Back 50

Distal

Front 51

The Elbow is ________ to the Wrist.

Back 51

Proximal

Front 52

The Scapula is _____________ to the Sternum.

Back 52

Posterior or Dorsal

Front 53

The Nose is on the ____side of the body.

Back 53

Anterior or Ventral

Front 54

Name the Cavities associated with the Ventral Body Cavity?

Back 54

Thoracic, Abdominal, Pelvic

Front 55

What Cavity houses the Eyes?

Back 55

Orbital Cavity

Front 56

The Abdominopelvic region that is most inferior and medial is the ?

Back 56

Hypogastric

Front 57

The Abdominopelvic region that is most medial is the?

Back 57

Umbilical

Front 58

The Abdominopelvic region that is the most superior and medial is ?

Back 58

Epigastric

Front 59

Superior

Back 59

Up / Top

Front 60

Inferior

Back 60

Bottom

Front 61

Medial

Back 61

Middle

Front 62

Lateral

Back 62

Side/ Beside

Front 63

Deep

Back 63

Inside

Front 64

Superficial

Back 64

Close to top

Front 65

Proximal ( Limbs Only )

Back 65

Closer to Trunk

Front 66

Distal ( Limbs Only )

Back 66

Further From Trunk

Front 67

Anterior

Back 67

Front of Body

Front 68

Posterior

Back 68

Behind the Body

Front 69

Ventral

Back 69

Front of Body

Front 70

Dorsal

Back 70

Back of Body

Front 71

Protons have a

Back 71

Positive Charge

Front 72

Neutrons have a

Back 72

Neutral Charge

Front 73

Electrons have a

Back 73

Negative Charge

Front 74

1.) Subatomic Particles 2.) Atoms 3.) Molecules

4.) Organelles 5.) Cells 6.) tissues 7.) Organs 8.) Organ Systems 9.) Organism

Back 74

1.) Subatomic Particles 2.) Atoms 3.) Molecules 4.) Organelles 5.) Cells 6.) tissues 7.) Organs 8.) Organ Systems 9.) Organism

Front 75

Protons = Electrons

Back 75

Protons = Electrons

Front 76

Protons = Atomic Number

Back 76

Protons = Atomic Number

Front 77

Chemistry

Back 77

Study of Atoms and Molecules

Front 78

Cytology

Back 78

Study of a Cell

Front 79

Histology

Back 79

Study of Tissues

Front 80

Macroscopic means

Back 80

Large

Front 81

Systemic means

Back 81

Gross Anatomy of the Body studied by Organ System

Front 82

Atoms are

Back 82

Tiny building blocks of Matter

Front 83

Atoms combine to form

Back 83

Molecules

Front 84

Cells are made up of

Back 84

Molecules

Front 85

Integumentary System

Back 85

Hair , Skin , Nails.

* Protects the external body covering

* Protects deeper tissues from injury

*Synthesizes Vitamin D

*House Cutaneous ( pain, pressure, etc.) receptors and oil and sweat glands.

Front 86

Skeletal System

Back 86

Bones and Joints

* Protects and Supports Body organs

* Provides a Framework the muscles use to cause movement

* Blood Cells are formed within bones

* Bones store minerals

Front 87

Muscular System

Back 87

Skeletal Muscles

* Allows Manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression.

* Maintains posture

* Produces Heat

Front 88

Nervous System

Back 88

Brain , Nerves, Spinal Cord

* As the Fast - Acting control System of the Body, it responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands.

Front 89

Endocrine System

Back 89

Pineal Gland, Pituitary Gland, Thyroid Gland, Thymus, Adrenal Gland, Pancreas, Ovary, Testis.

Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use ( metabolism ) by body cells.

Front 90

How many Body Systems are there?

Back 90

11

Front 91

Cardiovascular System

Back 91

Heart, Blood Vessels

*Blood Vessels transport Blood which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc

* The Heart pumps blood

Front 92

Lymphatic System/Immunity

Back 92

Red Bone Marrow, Thymus, Lymphatic Vessels, Thoracic Duct, Spleen, Lymph Nodes.

* Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to the blood

*Disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream

*Houses white blood cells (lymphocytes) involved in immunity. The immune response mounts the attack against foreign substances within the body.

Front 93

Respiratory System

Back 93

Nasal cavity, Pharynx, Larynx, Trachea, Bronchus, Lung.

Keeps Blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide. The gaseous exchanges occur through the walls of the air sacs of the lungs.

Front 94

Digestive System

Back 94

Oral Cavity, Esophagus, Liver, Stomach, Small Intestine, Large Intestine, Rectum, Anus.

Breaks Down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells. Indigestible foodstuffs are eliminated as feces.

Front 95

Urinary System

Back 95

Kidney, Ureter , Urinary Bladder, Urethra.

*Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body

* Regulates water, electrolyte and acid-based balance of the blood.

Front 96

Male Reproductive System

Back 96

Prostate Gland, Penis, Testis, Scrotum, Ductus deferens

Overall Function is the production of offspring. Testes produce sperm and male sex hormone, and male ducts and glands aid in delivery of sperm to the female reproductive tract.

Front 97

Female Reproductive System

Back 97

Mammary Glands ( in breasts ), Ovary, uterus, Vagina, Uterine Tube.

The female structures serve as sites for fertilization and development of the fetus. Mammary glands of female breasts produce milk to nourish the newborn.

Front 98

Maintaining Boundaries

Back 98

The internal environment remains separate and distinct from the external environment

Front 99

Cellular Reproduction

Back 99

an original cell divides and produces two identical daughter cells. ( called mitosis )

Front 100

Organismal Reproduction

Back 100

Sperm & Egg ( formed by Meiosis ) unite to make a whole new person

Front 101

Growth

Back 101

Increase in size of a body part or of organism

Front 102

Metabolism

Back 102

All chemical reactions that occur in all body cells

Front 103

Catabolism

Back 103

breaking down large molecules into smaller ones

Front 104

Anabolism

Back 104

building large molecules from smaller ones

Front 105

Excretion

Back 105

The removal of wastes from metabolism and digestion

Front 106

nitrogenous waste

Back 106

urinary system

Front 107

feces

Back 107

digestive system

Front 108

carbon dioxide

Back 108

respiratory system

Front 109

Necessary Life Function :

Responsiveness

Back 109

The ability to sense and respond to changes in the environment ( stimuli ).

( Nervous & Endocrine System )

Front 110

Necessary Life Function :

Digestion

Back 110

*Occurs in the Digestive System

*Breakdown of ingested foodstuffs

* Absorption of smaller molecules into blood

Front 111

Survival Needs:

Water

Back 111

* Most Abundant chemical in the Body

*Provides the Necessary environment for chemical reactions

Front 112

Survival Needs:

Normal Body Temperature

Back 112

*98.6 F.......37 C

* Necessary for chemical reactions to occue at life- sustaining rates

Front 113

Survival Needs:

Appropriate Atmospheric Pressure

Back 113

*For adequate breathing and gas exchange in the lungs

Front 114

Survival Needs:

Nutrients

Back 114

* Molecules used for energy and building cell structures

* Carbohydrates, fats, proteins, minerals, vitamins

Front 115

Survival Needs:

Oxygen

Back 115

* Required for Cellular Respiration ( process whereby cells convert nutrient molecules to ATP which is the form of energy used by cells

Front 116

What is the ultimate goal of all body systems?

Back 116

TO MAINTAIN LIFE- certain "survival needs" must be present

Front 117

Components of a Control Mechanism:

Effector

Back 117

* Receives Info from Control Center

* Provides the Means to Respond

* Response acts to reduce or enhance the stimulus ( feedback)

Front 118

Components of a Control Mechanism:

Receptor ( Sensor )

Back 118

* Monitors the environment

* Responds to stimuli ( changes in controlled variables)

* Send info to control center via the Afferent pathway

Front 119

Components of a Control Mechanism:

Control Center

Back 119

* Receives input from receptor

* Compares info to the set point ( the " normal" value) at which the variable is maintained

*Determines appropriate response

* Sends into Effector via Efferent pathway

Front 120

Homeostatic Control Mechanisms

Back 120

Involve continuous monitoring and regulation of many factors

Front 121

Homeostatic Control Mechanisms

Back 121

Nervous and Endocrine Systems accomplish the communication via nerve impulses and hormones

Front 122

Homeostasis

Back 122

Maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment despite continuous outside changes

Front 123

Homestasis

Back 123

A dynamic state of equilibrium

Front 124

Way to remember AFFERENT & EFFERENT

Back 124

Afferent pathway approaches the control center and efferent pathway exits from the control center

Front 125

Negative Feedback

Back 125

The response reduces or shuts off the original stimulus

Front 126

Negative Feedback Examples

Back 126

Non Biological: Regulation of room temperature

Biological: Regulation of body temperature ( a nervous mechanism)

Biological : regulation of blood volume by ADH ( an endocrine mechanism)

Front 127

Positive Feedback

Back 127

The response enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus

Front 128

Positive Feedback Examples

Back 128

* May exhibit a cascade of amplifying effect

*Usually controls infrequent events such as enhancement of labor contractions by oxytocin, platelet plug formation and blood clotting

Front 129

Homeostatic Imbalance

Back 129

* Increases risk of Disease

* Contributes to changes associated with aging

Front 130

What is Anatomical Position?

Back 130

* Body Erect

* Feet slightly Apart

* Palms Facing Forward

* Thumbs pointing away from the body

Front 131

Nose

Back 131

Nasal