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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Lady of Cofitachequi
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- 1540: de Soto and the Spanish arrived at Cofitachequi in modern day South Carolina
- Lady of Cofitachequi, the female chief of the village, was carried out to meet them - She gave them food and told them where to look for gold and silver - They took her as a captive when they left, but she managed to escape - Her strategy of kindness towards the Spanish kept her village from being destroyed like all of the other villages de Soto encountered --> very intelligent woman |
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Paleo-Indians
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- The first Americans
- 12,000 years ago - Eventually, their main focus became agriculture, and this was when the major civilizations of the Americas were formed |
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Teotihuacán
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- 300 BCE - Founded in central Mexico
- Mesoamerican civilization - 700 years later, it was home to 100,000 (approx.) - One of the largest urban cities on the planet; commercial network covered vast area |
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Mayas
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- Located on the Yucatán Peninsula in eastern Mexico
- Created first system of writing ever to be used in the Americas - Made great advances in the astronomical field - Demise was most likely due to constant warfare among city-states and low food supply |
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Anasazi
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- Inhabited what is now the southwestern region of the United States
- Built 14 large stone structures, each of which had around 200 rooms, in Chaco Canyon - Chaco Canyon became an important center for the trade and processing of turquoise |
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Mississippi
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- Lived in modern-day mid-wester and southeastern regions of the United States
- Cahokia, then called City of the Sun, had the largest population of all the cities in the Northern Hemisphere - Designed an accurate calendar and built a pyramid that is still the largest earthwork ever built in the Americas |
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Aztecs
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- Inhabited the Valley of Mexico
- Led by their war goddess, Huitzilopochtli - Society consisted of a hierarchy of social classes |
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Huitzilopochtli
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- War goddess of the Aztecs
- Led them to build their capital and Tenochtitlán - Human sacrifices were constantly made for her - 1502: 5,000 people were sacrificed - Aztecs participated in ritual combat for her - Led them to conquer their neighboring civilizations |
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Tenochtitlán
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- Aztec capital
- Huitzilopochtli led them to build their capital there - Society consisted of a heirarchy of social classes - Located in the Valley of Mexico |
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North American Sexual Division of Labor
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- Men hunted; women prepared food and took care of jobs around the house
- In North America, children were looked after by their mothers, but they learned their jobs from whichever parent was of their same gender |
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African Sexual Division of Labor
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- Usually shared jobs in West African communities
- Women were responsible for food preparation and childcare, while men hunted and fished |
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European Sexual Division of Labor
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- Men dominated society
- Women helped with harvest and planting while men did most of the other work in the field - Women were responsible for mostly household tasks; men held the majority of power in both families and societies |
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Sexual Divisions of Labor in General
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- General Pattern: Men were assigned jobs like hunting; women were assigned jobs like childcare and food preparation
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Upper Guinea
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- Influenced by the customs and beliefs of the Muslim Mediterranean
- Trade between these two communities was one of the most important connections among Europe, Africa, and Asia |
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Lower Guinea
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- Farming civilization with traditional African religious practices
- Decentralized political and social power - More similar to American natives |
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Dual-sex principle
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- Basis of the social systems of Lower Guinea
- Men governed men; women governed women |
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Sandé and Poro Cults
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- In Upper Guinea, women entered Sandé Cult and men entered Poro
- In charge of the spiritual lives of the society - Rules of Sandé only applied to women - Rules of Poro only applied to men |
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Black Death
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- Plague that struck multiple times during the 14th century
- Killed 1/3 of the European population - Led to large economic decline as well as political, social, and religious unrest |
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Hundred Years' War
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- 1337-1453
- Between England and France over the issue of the English claiming the French throne - Interrupted overland trade routes and thus caused eastern Mediterranean merchants to use sea routes to connect to the Netherlands - Led to use of lateen sail and the improvement of the astrolabe and quadrant |
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Lateen Sail, Astrolabe, and Quadrant
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- Lateen sail = triangular sail that gave ships the ability to sail northward out of the Mediterranean and around the coast of Europe by improving their maneuverability
- Astrolabe and quadrant were navigational tools that gave sailor the ability to measure the relationship of the sun, moon, or stars to the horizon - Important when Europeans began using sea routes and exploring the oceans |
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Ferdinand and Isabella
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- God married in 1469
- Made Spain strongly Catholic - Sent all Jews and Muslims away from Spain - Financed Columbus's voyage after Portugal refused |
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Marco Polo's "Travels"
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- Published in 1477
- Described a merchant's adventures in China, which Polo wrote was bordered on the east side by ocean - Caused many Europeans to believe that Europe could trade directly with China through the ocean |
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Azores, Madeiras, and Canaries
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- Mediterranean Atlantic region was west of Spain and southeast of the Azores, north of the Canaries, and east of the Madeiras
- Europeans found islands in the 1300s - Wind patterns were discovered - Madeiras and Canaries became lands for sugar plantations - Azores became lands for growing wheat |
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Northeast Trades / Westerlies
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- NE Trades blow towards the South along the African and Iberian coasts
- Made sailing to the Canaries easy for Europeans, but made getting back difficult - Westerlies allowed them to sail around the NE Trades - Blow North along the North American coast and then East towards Europe - Sailing around the NETs using the Ws became the key to exploring the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans |
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Prince Henry the Navigator
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- Sent ships annually towards the African coast in hopes of discovering a route to Asia through the oceans
- Son of King John I of Portugal - Knew that the country who found the treasures of Africa and Asia would gain much wealth - Bartholomew Dias and Vasco de Gama were more successful - De Gama reached India long after Henry's death |
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São Tomé
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- Island off African coast
- Used as an expansion of Madeira in the 1480s when it had reached its capacity - Sugar plantations - Became first economy based primarily on the bondage of black Africans |
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Christopher Columbus
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- Born in Genoa, Italy
- Sailor and mapmaker - Knew the world was round (most actually did) - Thought that China was only 3,000 miles away from Eastern Europe - Decided to explore this idea; rejected by Portuguese authorities - Funded by Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain - Pinta, Niña, Santa Maria - Landed in the Bahamas, thought he had arrived at the Indies (why we call Native Americans "Indians") - Log (contained riches, plants and animals, and natives) became motivation for other similar journeys - These three things became themes of European exploration |
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Amerigo Vespucci
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- From Florence
- First to publish idea of a new continent - 1507 - New land was named America |
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Leif Ericsson
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- He and the Norse found North America about 500 years before Columbus's voyage
- Named the site on which they settled Vinland, which was actually near Newfoundland |
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John Cabot
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- First European to bring news of the northern coastline of the new land
- European usually given credit for discovering North America - Claimed the land he found for England |
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Hernando Cortés
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- Conquistador who took control of the Aztec empire in 1521
- Took great amounts of gold and silver - Fathered a child with his translator, Malinche - Child became one of the first mestizos (children of mixed blood) |
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Malinche
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- Given to Cortés as a gift from the Mayas
- Baptized as a Christian under the name "Doña Marina" - Served as Cortés's translator - Child became one of the first mestizos |
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Encomienda system
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- Allowed people from Indian villages to be given to conquistadors as slaves as rewards
- Legalized Indian slavery until a new set of laws forbade the Spanish to enslave Indians - They were still allowed to take money and goods - Led to the importation of Africans to increase labor force |
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Spanish missionaries
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- Sent to convert people in the New World to Christianity
- Generally successful |
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Columbian Exchange
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- Transfer of diseases, plants, and animals between Europe and the New World
- Result of the 15th and 16th century European voyages and of colonization by the Spanish - Natives learned to raise European livestock; Europeans and Africans learned to plant American crops - Improvement in diets led to doubling of population from the 15th century to the 18th - Small pox and measles were given to the Native Americans, killing 90% of some populations - Europeans given syphilis, which spread throughout Europe and Asia - Three major commodities being exchanged were sugar, horses, and tobacco |
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John Hawkins and Sir Francis Drake
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- English "sea dogs" who raided Spanish ships sailing back from the West Indies
- Main contributor to the start of the war that ended in the defeat of the Spanish Armada |
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Sir Humphrey Gilbert and Sir Walter Raleigh
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- Members of a group that attempted to create outposts that could trade with Indians and provide bases for attacks on New Spain
- Each authorized to colonize in North America - Gilbert died before he could - Raleigh set up a settlement on Roanoke Island ("Virginia," after the Virgin Queen) - Unsuccessful as well - England's first attempt to create a permanent settlement on the coast of N. America |
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Thomas Harriot's "A Briefe and True Report of the New Found Land of Virginia"
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- Published in 1588
- Described people, plants, and animals that he encountered when he sailed to Roanoke - Explained why the colony had failed - Said future colonizers needed to treat the Indians more humanely - Keys to economic development in the new world: familiar commodities (grapes, iron, copper, fur), exotic products (maize, cassava, and tobacco), and the ease with which Europeans could manipulate the natives - Dominance in N. America was actually more difficult than he made it seem |
