Chapter 1 Psych Nhojsx

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There arethree concepts important to the definition of psychology:

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science, behavior, and mental processes.

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Psychologists use scientific methods to______ behaviors and mental processes.

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- observe, describe, predict, and explain

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are actions that can be directly observed -

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Behaviors

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are experiences that cannot be observed directly, such as thoughts and feelings

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Mental processes

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The historyof psychology are rooted in-

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philosophy, biology, and physiology.

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Strongly influenced the origins of psychology

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- Rene Descartes and Charles Darwin

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Contributed with his view of a separate mind andbody, thus opening the door for studiesfocusingexclusively on the mind.

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Rene Descartes -

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proposed that humans are part of an evolutionary process he termed natural selection. This view led psychologists to consider the role of the environment and adaptation in psychology.

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Charles Darwin -

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In 1879, developed the first psychologylaboratory.

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Wilhelm Wundt -

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First two schools of thought in psychology:

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Structuralism and Functionalism

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Wundt’s approach, which emphasized theimportance of conscious thought and classification of the mind’s structures

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Structuralism -

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- emphasized the functions of the mind in adaptingto the environment.

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WilliamJames

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William James' Approch is called

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Functionalism

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Contemporarypsychology perspectives can be classified into six approaches:

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1. Behavioral Approach:

2. Psychodynamic Approach.

3. Cognitive Approach.

4. Behavioral Neuroscience Approach.

5. Evolutionary Psychology Approach.

6. Sociocultural Approach.

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2 Behavioral Approaches

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a. Behaviorism b.Social Cognitive theory

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The focus is on observable responses andenvironmental determinants.

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a. Behaviorism.

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The leaders of this Behaviorism perspective, which dominated psychology during the first half of the 20th century, were

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John Watson and B. F. Skinner.

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integrates the role of environmental factors and mental processes in understanding behaviors.

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b. Social Cognitive Theory.

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A more recent development of the behaviorist Social Cognitive Theory approach, researched by

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Albert Bandura

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this perspective that focuses on the role of unconscious influences on how we think and act. Earlylife experiences are considered important determinants of adult psychology inthis approach.

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Psychodynamic Approach.

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Psychodynamic Approach is to

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Sigmund Freud

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The focus here is on mental processeswith an emphasis on attention, perception, memory, thinking, and solving problems.=

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Cognitive Approach.

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This approach studies the biologicalbasis of behavior and mental process, specifically focusing on the role of thenervous system.

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. Behavioral Neuroscience Approach.

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This perspective focuses on theadaptive aspects of our psychology, how adapting to the demands of ourenvironment has shaped our repertoire of behaviors and mental processes.

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Evolutionary Psychology Approach.

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This perspective recognizes that social and cultural contexts influenceour psychology—how we act, think, and feel.

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Sociocultural Approach.

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During the20th century, psychology focused mostly on solving psychological problems,such asmental disorders and social disturbances. The following two movements focus onthe study of healthy psychology:

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a. Humanistic Psychology b. PositivePsychology

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They emphasized the free will of peopleand their capacity for understanding and solving their own challenges.

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Humanistic Psychology

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Humanistic Psychology led by

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Maslowand Rogers.

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- This movement emerged at the beginning of the 21stcentury, and it attempts to promote the study of positive psychologicalphenomena such as creativity, optimism, and effective social relations.

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Positive Psychology.