Chapter 1 : Prehistory And First Civilizations

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Peace side of the Standard of Ur, from tomb 779, Royal Cemetery, Ur, Iraq, 2600-2400 BCE

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Nude Woman(Venus of Willendorf), from Willendorf, Austria, 28,000-25,000 BCE

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Two bison, reliefs in the cave at Le Tuc d'Audoubert, France, 15,000-10,000

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Spotted Horses and Negative handprints, wall painting in the cave at Pech-Merle, France... 23,000-22,000 BCE

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Left wall of the Hall of the Bulls in the cave at Lascaux, France ca. 16,000-14,000 BCE

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Rhinoceros, wounded man, disemboweled bison, painting in the well of the cave at Lascaux, France ca. 16,000-14,000 BCE

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Deer hunt, detail of a wall painting from level III, Catal Höyük, Turkey, ca. 5750 BCE.

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Human figure, from Ain Ghazal, Jordan, ca. 6750-6250 BCE.

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Aerial view of Stonehenge (looking northwest), Salisbury Plain, Wiltshire, England, ca.2550-1600 BCE.

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White Temple and ziggurat, Uruk (modern Warka), Iraq, ca. 3200-3000 BCE.

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Ziggurat (looking southwest), Ur (modern Tell Muqayyar), Iraq, ca. 2100 BCE.

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Statuettes of two worshipers, from the Square Temple at Eshnunna (modern TellAsmar), Iraq, ca. 2700 BCE.

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War side of the Standard of Ur, from tomb 779, Royal Cemetery, Ur (modern TellMuqayyar), Iraq, ca. 2600-2400 BCE.

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Head of an Akkadian ruler, from Nineveh (modern Kuyunjik), Iraq, ca. 2250-2200BCE.

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Victory stele of Naram-Sin, from Susa, Iran, ca. 2254-2218 BCE.

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Stele with the laws of Hammurabi, from Susa, Iran, ca. 1780 BCE.

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Lamassu (man-headed winged bull), from the citadel of Sargon II, Dur Sharrukin(modern Khorsabad), Iraq, ca. 720-705 BCE.

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Assyrian archers pursuing enemies, relief from the northwest palace of AshurnasirpalII, Kalhu (modern Nimrud), Iraq, ca. 875-860 BCE.

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Ishtar Gate (restored), Babylon, Iraq, ca. 575 BCE.

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Aerial view of Persepolis (looking west with the apadana in the background), Iran, ca.521-465 BCE.

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Palette of King Narmer (left, back; right, front), from Hierakonpolis, Egypt,Predynastic, ca. 3000-2920 BCE.

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IMHOTEP, stepped pyramid (looking northeast) of Djoser, Saqqara, Egypt, ThirdDynasty, ca. 2630-2611 BCE.

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Great Pyramids, Gizeh, Egypt, Fourth Dynasty. From bottom: pyramids of Menkaure,ca. 2490-2472 BCE; Khafre, ca. 2520-2494 BCE; and Khufu, ca. 2551-2528 BCE.

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Great Sphinx (with pyramid of Khafre in the background at left), Gizeh, Egypt, FourthDynasty, ca. 2520-2494 BCE.

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Khafre enthroned, from Gizeh, Egypt, Fourth Dynasty, ca. 2520-2494 BCE.

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Menkaure and Khamerernebty(?), from Gizeh, Egypt, Fourth Dynasty, ca. 2490-2472BCE.

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Ti watching a hippopotamus hunt, relief in the mastaba of Ti, Saqqara, Egypt, FifthDynasty, ca. 2450-2350 BCE.

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Mortuary temple of Hatshepsut (looking southwest), Deir el-Bahri, Egypt, 18Dynasty, ca. 1473-1458 BCE.

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Façade of the temple of Ramses II, Abu Simbel, Egypt, 19 Dynasty, ca. 1290-1224BCE.

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Model of the hypostyle hall, temple of Amen-Re, Karnak, Egypt, 19 Dynasty, ca.1290-1224 BCE.

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Akhenaton, from the temple of Aton, Karnak, Egypt, 18th Dynasty, 1353-1335 BCE

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THUTMOSE, Nefertiti, from Amarna, Egypt, 18th Dynasty, 1353-1335 BCE

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Innermost coffin of Tutankhamen, from his tomb at Thebes, Egypt, 18th Dynasty, ca.1323 BCE.

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Death mask of Tutankhamen, from the innermost coffin (Fig. 1-36) in his tomb atThebes, Egypt, 18th Dynasty, ca. 1323 BCE.