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30 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
archaea
one of the two divisions of procaryotes, often found in hostile environments such as hot springs or concentrated brine
bacteria
commonly used name for any procaryotic organism, but more precisely refers to one of the three major domains of life; most are single-celled organisms; some species cause disease
cell
the basic unit from which living organisms are made, consisting of an aqueous solution of organic molecules enclosed by a membrane; all arise from pre-existing ones, usually by a process of division
chloroplast
specialized organelle in algae and plants that contains chlorophyll and in which photosynthesis takes place
chromosome
long threadlike structure composed of DNA and associated proteins that carries the genetic information of an organism; especially visible when plant and animal cells undergo mitosis or meiosis
cytoplasm
contents of a cell that are contained within its plasma membrane but, in the case of eucaryotic cells, outside the nucleus
cytoskeleton
system of protein filaments in the cytoplasm of a eucaryotic cell that gives the cell shape and the capacity for directed movement; its most abundant components are actin filaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments
cytosol
contents of the main compartment of the cytoplasm, excluding membrane-enclosed organelles such as endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria; the cell fraction remaining after membranes, cytoskeletal components, and other organelles have been removed
DNA
double-stranded polynucleotide formed from two separate chains of covalently linked deoxyribonucleotide units; it serves as the cell's store of genetic information that is transmitted from generation to generation
endoplasmic reticulum
labyrinthine, membrane-enclosed compartment in the cytoplasm of eucaryotic cells, where lipids and secreted and membrane-bound proteins are made
eucaryote
living organism composed of one or more cells with a distinct nucleus and cytoplasm; includes all forms of life except archaea and bacteria (the procaryotes) and viruses
evolution
the gradual change in living organisms taking place over generations that results in new species being formed
genome
the total genetic information carried by a cell or an organism (or the DNA molecules that carry this information)
Golgi apparatus
membrane-enclosed organelle in eucaryotic cells where the proteins and lipids made in the endoplasmic reticulum are modified and sorted for transport to other sites
homologous
describes organs or molecules that are similar because of their common evolutionary origin; specifically it describes similarities between protein sequences or nucleic acid sequences
lysosome
intracellular membrane-enclosed organelle containing digestive enzymes, typically those most active at the acid pH found in these organelles
micrometer
unit of measurement often applied to cells and organelles; equal to 10^-6 meter or 10^-4 centimeter
microscope
instrument for viewing extremely small objects; light utilizes a focused beam of visible light and is used to examine cells and organelles; electron utilizes a beam of electrons and can be used to examine objects as small as individual molecules
mitochondrion
membrane-enclosed organelle about the size of a bacterium, that carries out oxidative phosphorylation and produces most of the ATP in eucaryotic cells
model organism
selected for intensive study as a representative of a large group of species; examples are the mouse (representing mammals), the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (representing a unicellular eucaryote), and Escherichia coli (representing bacteria)
nanometer
unit of length commonly used to measure molecules and cell organelles; equal to 10^-3 micrometer or 10^-9 m
nucleus
the major organelle of a eucaryotic cell, which contains DNA organized into chromosomes; also, when referring to an atom, the central mass built from neutrons and protons
organelle
a discrete structure or subcompartment of a eucaryotic cell (especially one that is visible in the light microscope) that is specialized to carry out a particular function; examples include mitochondria and the Golgi apparatus
peroxisome
small membrane-enclosed organelle that uses molecular oxygen to oxidize organic molecules; contains some enzymes that produce hydrogen peroxide and others that degrade it
plasma membrane
surrounds a living cell
procaryote
major category of living cells distinguished by the absence of a nucleus; comprise the archaea and the eubacteria (commonly called bacteria), two of the three domains of life
protein
the major macromolecular constituent of cells; each is composed of one or more linear chains of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds in a specific sequence; the amino acid chain is folded into a three-dimensional shape that is unique to each one and determines its function
protozoan
a member of the free-living, nonphotosynthetic, single-celled, motile eucaryotic organisms; many such as Paramecium or Amoeba live by feeding on other organisms
ribosome
associates with messenger RNA and catalyzes the synthesis of protein
RNA
a (usually) single-stranded polynucleotide in the form of a chain of covalently linked ribonucleotide subunits; serves a variety of functions in cells