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33 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Who had the first ideas about cog psychology? (memory)
Plato and Aristotle - ancient Greece. Plato = Memory is like trying to catch a specific bird in a flock. Sometimes you can, and sometimes you catch a nearby bird. (Is her name Joan or Joanne?)
Empiricism
Promoted by philosopher John Locke (associations) - Knowledge comes from an individual's own experience - from the empirical info that people collect from their senses/experiences (vs. Nativism). Respect genetic influence, but emphasize people's malleability. People are who they are due to previous learning.
Association
Two ideas or experiences having nothing to do with one another, can be joined in the mind because they happened to occur at the same time.
Nativism
Promoted by philosopher Descartes - Emphasizes native ability over learning in acquiring abilities (vs. Empiricism). Some cognitions are 'hard wired',and not learned from experience.
Founding of Cog Psychology
1879 by Wilhelm Wundt. He created the first psychological laboratory to establish the 'science of the mind' through Structuralism.
Structuralism
Started by Wilhelm Wundt in 1879. What are the essential basic building blocks of consciousness? Similar to Chemistry. Used Introspection to identify these units. There is a focus on elementary components rather than questioning why the mind works as it does.
Introspection
A way to identify the base mental units in Structuralism. Trained observers are presented with various stimuli and asked to describe their conscious experience.
Functionalism
American William James did little research but was interested in the conscious experience. Why does the mind works the way it does - The way the mind works has to do with its function (various operations). Drew heavily from Darwinian evolutionary theory, extending adaptation to psychological phenomena. (introspection)
Behaviorism
Started by Pavlol and Thorndike - psychological phenomena is explained strictly through observable stimuli and responses (classical and operant conditioning). How is behavior affected by context? Psychology as a purely objective natural science. The other theories were subjective and unable to resolve disagreements about theory. All mental phenomena reduce to behavioral/ physiologic responses. Hated mental representations of any kind.
Gestalt Psychology
Began in 1911, it focuses on perception and problem solving. What organization does the mind impose on different configurations of simple stimuli? An observer does not construct a coherent perception from simple, elementary sensory aspects, but apprehends the total structure of an experience as a whole. Thought structuralism, functionalism, and behaviorism offered incomplete accounts of psychological/ cognitive experience.
Genetic Epistemology
Piaget - describing the intellectual structures underlying cognitive experience at different developmental points. How do mental structures develop? (Interview, observation).
Study of Individual Differences
Francis Galton (half cousin of Darwin) - How do people differ? Studying individual differences through mental imagery (imagine breakfast this morning - how vivid is it, how natural are the colors?) There was huge variation. Developed measures, tests, and questionnaires to assess mental abilities. Statistical analyses were used. (Stat, Tests)
Cognitive Revolution
Rejection of the behaviorist movement (which had been around since the early 1900's) saying mental representation cannot be studied or does not exist. Began in WWII and led to : human factors engineering, limited-capacity processors, linguistics study, localization of function, the computer metaphor, and artificial intelligence
Human Factors Engineering
During the Cog Revolution / WWII. What leads to maximally efficient use of a machine by a person? Designing machines / articles that will work with unique human quirks and ways of thinking / seeing the world.
Person-Machine System
Machinery operated by a person must be designed to interact with the operator's physical, cognitive, and motivational capacities and limitations.
Humans are Limited - Capacity Processors
People can only do so many things at once. The Magic Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two
George Miller
The magic #7, +/- 2. People can only hold this many items in mind (or groups of items) at one time. It is the number of unrelated things we can perceive distinctly without counting, the num. or things on a list we can immediately remember, and the num of stimuli we can absolute discriminations among.
Linguistics
Came during the Cognitive Revolution. The study of language - revolutionized the field, Noam Chomsky did not think behaviorism could explain lang. (no one teaches children to speak - There are certain rules of language that are not taught.)
Localization of Function
Came during the Cognitive Revolution. Certain functions are localized in particular regions. Experiments with kittens led to knowledge of the importance of early experiences in the nervous system.
Computer Metaphor
Came during the Cognitive Revolution. Comparing people's cog abilities with operating computers. Just as computers are fed data, people acquire information.
Artificial Intelligence
Can computers use the same problem solving skills that humans do?
Cognitive Science
Investigations of the nature of the mind and cognition, how information is acquired, processed, stored, and transmitted, and how knowledge is represented. Born on September 11, 1956.
Cognitive Neuropsychology
Study of cognitive deficits in certain brain-damaged individuals - case studies and clinical work.
Naturalistic Observation
An observer watching people in familiar, everyday contexts going about their cognitive business. (how does someone operate a new ATM machine?) Participants do not know they are being observed. Has ecological validity, but little experimental control.
Ecological Validity
The things studied really occur in the real world, not just in a lab.
Controlled Observation
The setting is standardized for each participant, and manipulations on specific conditions can be done. It is still observational, but for ex., different instructions may be displayed to different people working an ATM machine.
Clinical Interviews
The participant is asked a series of open-ended questions. However, instead of allowing the participant to respond freely, the interviewer follows up with another set of questions.
Quasi-Experiment
Experiments where the independent variable precludes random assignment (different genders, ages, or educational backgrounds)
Paradigm
A body of knowledge structured according to what its proponents consider important and what they do not. They are intellectual frameworks that guide investigators in studying and understanding phenomena.
Information-Processing Approach Paradigm
Emphasizes stage-like processing of info and specific storage of that information during processing. We collect information from the senses that passes through a system. Things are received, stored, recoded, transformed, retrieved, and transmitted to be stored in specific places. There is a focus on basic capacities / processes.
Connectionist Approach Paradigm
Cognitive processing is a pattern of excitation and inhibition in a network of connections among simple (numerous) processing units that operate in parallel (not one at a time, as in Info-Processing). It is sometimes called Neural Networks. Each unit is connected to others in a large network. Knowledge is stored in connections between units, not in various storehouses - Learning occurs when new connective patters are made. People do not store large amounts of information, but rather gather large amounts of connections.
Evolutionary Paradigm
How have cognitive processes been shaped by environmental pressure over long periods of time? (the ability go understand and produce language) We must understand the environmental pressures of our ancestors to understand cognition.
Ecological Paradigm
Stresses the ways the environment (culture) and context shape the way cognitive processing occurs. (naturalistic observation and field research).