Chapter 1: Functional Organization Of The Human Body And Control Of The Internal Environment

Front 1

what is the basic unit of the living body?

Back 1

CELL

*there are about 100 trillion cells in the body

Front 2

What is the most abundant single type of cell in the body?

Back 2

RED BLOOD CELLS

*25 trillion in number

Front 3

What percent of the adult human body is fluid? and what is it composed of?

Back 3

60%; water, ions and other substances

Front 4

The fluid occupying the spaces outside the cells and comprises 1/3 of the body's fluids

Back 4

EXTRACELLULAR FLUID (ECF)

Front 5

Name some constituents that are available in the ECF

Back 5

sodium, chloride,O2, glucose,bicarbonate ions, amino acids, fatty acids, CO2, etc.

Front 6

ICF contents

Back 6

"Mg Kakam P"
Magnesium, Potassium, and Phosphate ions

Front 7

This is the Internal environment of all cells which contains ions and nutrients needed by the cells to maintain life

Back 7

EXTRACELLULAR FLUID (ECF)

Front 8

Another term for the ECF, which was coined by the French physiologist Claude Bernanrd

Back 8

MILIEU INTERIEUR

Front 9

Means maintenance of nearly constant conditions in the internal
environment

Back 9

HOMEOSTASIS

Front 10

ECF transport:
What is the FIRST stage of transport to other parts of the body?

Back 10

movement of
blood through the body in the blood vessels

Front 11

ECF transport:
What is the SECOND stage of transport to other parts of the body?

Back 11

movement of fluid between the blood capillaries
and the intercellular spaces between the tissue
cells

Front 12

How many times does blood in the circulation traverse the entire circulatory circuit AT REST

Back 12

ONCE per minute

Front 13

How many times does blood in the circulation traverse the entire circulatory circuit during EXTREME ACTIVITY

Back 13

SIX TIMES per minute

Front 14

T or F: As blood passes through the blood capillaries,
continual exchange of ECF also occurs
bet. the plasma portion of the blood and the interstitial fluid that fills the intercellular spaces

Back 14

TRUE

Front 15

The walls of the capillaries
are permeable to most molecules in the plasma
of the blood, with the exception of..

Back 15

LARGE PLASMA PROTEIN molecules

Front 16

T or F: most cells are located not more than 50 micrometers from a capillary

Back 16

TRUE
*this ensures diffusion of almost any substance
from the capillary to the cell within a few seconds.

Hint 16

Thus, the ECF everywhere in the body—both that of the plasma and that of the interstitial fluid—is continually being mixed, thereby maintaining almost complete homogeneity of the
ECF throughout the body

Front 17

T or F: the ECF everywhere in the body of a normal person is almost completely homogenous throughout the body

Back 17

TRUE

Hint 17

the ECF everywhere in the body—both that of the plasma and that of the interstitial fluid—is continually being mixed, thereby maintaining almost complete homogeneity of the
ECF throughout the body

Front 18

Origin of Nutrients in the ECF:
How does blood acquire oxygen?

Back 18

The blood picks up oxygen in the alveoli (lungs),by diffusion, thus acquiring the oxygen needed by the cells.

Front 19

Origin of Nutrients in the
ECF:
How does blood acquire carbohydrates, fatty acids, and
amino acids?

Back 19

A large portion of the blood
pumped by the heart also passes through the walls of
the GI tract. Here different dissolved nutrients, including CHO, fatty acids, and
amino acids, are absorbed from the ingested food into
the ECF of the blood.

Front 20

T or F: All substances absorbed from the GI tract can be used by cells in their absorbed form

Back 20

FALSE

Hint 20

The liver needs to change the chemical compositions of
many of these substances to more usable forms, and
other tissues of the body—fat cells, gastrointestinal
mucosa, kidneys, and endocrine glands—help modify
the absorbed substances or store them until they are
needed.

Front 21

What tissues in the body help modify the absorbed substances or store them until they are needed?

Back 21

fat cells, gastrointestinal
mucosa, kidneys, and endocrine glands

Front 22

How does the musculoskeletal system fit into
the homeostatic functions of the body?

Back 22

MOTILITY of nutrients and PROTECTION against adverse surroundings

Hint 22

muscles help the body to move to the appropriate place at the appropriate time to obtain the foods required for nutrition. The musculoskeletal system also provides motility for protection against adverse surroundings, without which the entire body, along with its homeostatic mechanisms, could be destroyed instantaneously

Front 23

What is the most abundant of all the end products of metabolism.

Back 23

CO2

Front 24

How does the body remove CO2 from the blood?

Back 24

CO2 is released from the blood into the lung alveoli; the respiratory movement of air into and out of the lungs carries the carbon dioxide to the atmosphere

Front 25

What substances do the kidney remove from the blood?

Back 25

end products
of cellular metabolism, such as urea and uric acid; excesses of ions and water from the food that might have accumulated in the ECF

Front 26

How does the kidney play a role in keeping homeostasis?

Back 26

Filtration of plasma through glomeruli-->tubules-->reabsorption of substances (glucose, amino acid,water) into blood and poor reabsorption of metabolic end products (Urea) not needed by the body

Hint 26

filtering large quantities of plasma through the glomeruli into the tubules and then reabsorbing into the blood those substances needed by the body, such as glucose, amino acids, appropriate amounts of water, and many of the ions. Most of the other substances that are not needed by the body, especially the metabolic end products
such as urea, are reabsorbed poorly and pass through
the renal tubules into the urine.

Front 27

What organ systems help in regulating body functions?

Back 27

Nervous System,Endocrine System and Reproductive system

Front 28

What role does the nervous system have in regulating body functions?

Back 28

it controls many functions of the internal organs,including the level of pumping activity by the heart, movements of the gastrointestinal tract, and secretion by many of the body’s glands

Front 29

What role does the endocrine system have in regulating body functions?

Back 29

REGULATES many METABOLIC functions
Hormones are transported
in the extracellular fluid to all parts of the body to help regulate cellular function.

Front 30

What role doesTHYROID HORMONE have in regulating body functions?

Back 30

increases the rates of most chemical reactions
in all cells, thus helping to set the tempo of bodily
activity

Front 31

The regulation of oxygen concentration in the tissues is vested principally in the chemical characteristics of hemoglobin

Back 31

oxygen-buffering function of hemoglobin

Front 32

The mechanism of maintaining an almost exact and constant
oxygen concentration in the extracellular fluid depends on..

Back 32

HEMOGLOBIN

Front 33

If there is TOO MUCH O2 in the tissue capillaries, what happens to the oxygen in the hemoglobin?

Back 33

oxygen will NOT be released from the hemoglobin

Front 34

If the O2 in the tissue capillaries/fluid is TOO LOW, what happens to the oxygen in the hemoglobin?

Back 34

sufficient oxygen is released to re-establish an adequate concentration

Front 35

This is a protein carried by RBC that picks up oxygen in the lungs and delivers it to the peripheral tissues to maintain the viability of cells

Back 35

HEMOGLOBIN

Front 36

It is the major end product of the oxidative reactions
in cells

Back 36

CO2
*If all CO2 formed in the
cells continued to accumulate in tissue fluids, the mass action of the CO2 itself would soon HALT all energy-giving reactions of the cells

Front 37

If there is a higher than normal carbon dioxide concentration
in the blood, how would the body normally respond?

Back 37

this will excite the respiratory center, causing a person to breathe rapidly and deeplyThis
increases expiration of carbon dioxide and, therefore,
removes excess carbon dioxide from the blood and
tissue fluids. This process continues until the concentration returns to normal.

Front 38

It is a rapidly acting control mechanism that regulates arterial blood pressure and responds to stretch

Back 38

Baroreceptor system

Front 39

Where are baroreceptors located?

Back 39

walls of the bifurcation region of the carotid arteries in the neck, and in the arch of the aorta in the thorax

Front 40

What are baroreceptors?

Back 40

nerve receptors stimulated by stretch of the arterial wall

Front 41

What stimulates the baroreceptors?

Back 41

stretch of the arterial wall

Front 42

How does the baroreceptor system work?

Back 42

When the arterial pressure rises too high, the baroreceptors send barrages of nerve impulses to the medulla of the brain. Here these impulses inhibit the vasomotor center, which in turn decreases the number of impulses transmitted from the vasomotor center through the sympathetic nervous system to the heart and blood vessels. Lack of these impulses causes diminished pumping activity by the heart and alsodilation of the peripheral blood vessels, allowing
increased blood flow through the vessels. Both of these
effects decrease the arterial pressure back toward
normal.