Chapter 1 Flashcards

Front 1

Beringia

Back 1

land bridge connecting Asia and North America, a region now submerged beneath the Bering Sea

Front 2

Paleo-Indians

Back 2

hunters, firsth human beings to set foot on the continent. spear throwing pursued fiant mammals across the trundra of Beringia.

Front 3

Hopewell and Adena

Back 3

in ohio and mississippi valleys, in present day ohio, the Adena and Hopwell people- names assigned by archaeologists to distinguish differences in material culture- buily large ceremonial mounds, where they buried the families of local elites.

Front 4

Mississippian Culture

Back 4

approximately a thousand years after the birth of Christ, the groups gave way to the Mississippian culture, a losse collection of communities dispersed along the Mississippi River from louisiana to Illinois that shared similar technologies and beliefs

Front 5

Cahokia

Back 5

a huge fortification and ceremonial site in Illinois that originally rose high above the river, represented the greatest achievement of the Mississippian peoples. Covered almost twenty acres, once supposeted a population of almost twenty thousnad

Front 6

Matrilineal

Back 6

in effect that the women owned the planting fields and houses, maintained tribal customs, and had a role in tribal government.

Front 7

Ethnocentric

Back 7

characterized by or based on the attitude that one's own group is superior
English ethnocentrism was relatively benign so long as the Irish accepted the subserbient roles the colonizers assigned them.

Front 8

Ferdinand and Isabella

Back 8

The marriage in 1469 of royal cousins, Ferdinand of Aragon (1452-1516) and Isabella of Castile (1451-1504), eventually brought stability to both kingdoms.
sparked a drive for political consolidation that, because of the monarchs' fervid Catholicism, ook on the characteristics of a religious crusade. Spurred by the miliatant faith of theri monarchs, the armies of Castile and Aragon waged holywas- known as the Reconquista- against the independent states in southern Spain that earlier had been captured by Muslims

Front 9

Reconquista

Back 9

Ferdinand and Isabella sparked a drive for political consolidation that took on the characteristics of a religious crusade.

Front 10

Conquistadors

Back 10

men eager for personal glory and material gain, uncompromising in matters or religion, and unswerving in their loyalty to the crown.

Front 11

Archipelago

Back 11

is a chain or cluster of islands that is formed tectonically

Front 12

Iberian Peninsula

Back 12

in 1492 the Moorish (Islamic) kingdom of Granada fell, and for the first time in centruies the entire Iberian oeninsula was united under Christian rulers. Spanish authorities showed no tolerance for people who rejected the Catholic faith.

Front 13

Treaty of Tordesillas

Back 13

1494 divided the entire world along a line located 270 leagues west of the Anzores. any new lands discovered west of the line belonged to spain. at the time, no European had ever seen Brazil, which turned out to be on Portugal's side fo the line. tthe treaty failed to discourage futeur English, Duch, and French adventurers from trying their luck in the New World.

Front 14

Encomienda

Back 14

the monarch rewarded the leaders of the conquest with Indian villages. The people who lived in the settlements provided the encomenderos with labor tribute in exchage for legal protection and religious guidance. The system cruelly exploited Indian laborers

Front 15

Mestizos

Back 15

babies from marriages between spanish men and indians or blacks

Front 16

Mulattos

Back 16

babies from marriages between spanish ment and indians or blacks

Front 17

Martin Luther

Back 17

relatively obscure German monk, Martin Luther, publicly challenged the central tenets of Roman Catholicsm. Started the Reformation in Germany.

Front 18

John Calvin

Back 18

lawyer turned theologian, who lived most of his adult life in the Swiss city of Geneva. Calvin stressed God's omnipotence over human affaris.

Front 19

Phillip II

Back 19

united the empires of Spain and Portugal in 1580, decided

Front 20

Henry VIII

Back 20

Henry VIII and his daughter Elizabeth I developed a strong central administration, while England became more and more a Protestant society. The merger of English Protestantism and English nationalism affected all aspects of public life. It helped propel England into a central role in European affairs and was crusial in creating a powerful sense of an English identity among all classes of people. Henry had many wives because he wanted a son for him to leave the throne too. After Henry decided divorce was the right decision because he had a girl with Catherine of Aragon he petitioned divorce from the pope, which was denied, and he had Elizabeth with Anne Boleyn without a proper divorce. Because the pope would not give him a divorce Henry went against Catholicism and turned to Calvinist.

Front 21

Anne Boleyn

Back 21

second wife of Henry VIII. mother of Elizabeth.

Front 22

Elizabeth

Back 22

Elizabeth was the third of Henry's children to take the throne after his death. She took over after Mary who was the daughter of Catherine of Aragon. Henry did not agree with the Catholic church and Mary did and under her rule thats how she ran the country. when Elizabeth took over she switched back to Calvinist and started the Elizabethan church.

Front 23

Sir Humphrey Gilbert

Back 23

English soldier and navigator. The half brother of Sir Walter Raleigh, he proposed in his Discourse (1566) a voyage in search of the Northwest Passage. Queen Elizabeth I rejected the idea and sent him to Ireland (1567 – 70), where he ruthlessly suppressed an uprising, for which he was knighted. In 1578 he set out with seven ships, intending to colonize North America, but through his poor leadership some ships returned to England and others turned to piracy. He sailed again in 1583, this time arriving in Newfoundland, which he claimed in the name of the queen.

Front 24

Sir Walter Raleigh

Back 24

He made a name for himself fighting the Irish at Munster; later he was introduced at court and became a favorite of Queen Elizabeth I. Known for his wit and womanizing, Raleigh was in and out of Elizabeth's favor
Raleigh was not a favorite of Elizabeth's successor, James I, who kept Sir Walter imprisoned in the Tower of London for years and finally had him beheaded in 1618