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57 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the biosphere?
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- entire portion of Earth inhabited by life
- sum of all the planet's ecosystems |
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What is the ecosystem?
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- consists of all organisms living in a particular area
- all non-living physical components of which the organisms interact EX: air, soil, water, sunlight |
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What is the community?
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- entire array of organisms inhabiting an ecosystems
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What is the population?
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- below the community level
- interacting group of individuals of one species |
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What is an organism?
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Individual living thing
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What is an organ system?
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group of organs working together to perform vital body functions
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What is an organ?
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structure consisting of several tissues adopted as a group to perform specific funtions.
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What are tissues?
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cooperative unit of many similar cells that perform a specific function within a multicelluar organism
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What is a cell?
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- basic unit of living matter separated from its environment by a plasma membrane
- fundamental structure of life |
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What is an organelle?
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structure with paralyzed function within a cell
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What is a molecule?
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group of 2 or more atoms held together by covalent bonds
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What are atoms?
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smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element
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What is the hierarchy of biological organizations?
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1. Biosphere
2. Ecosystem 3. Community 4. Population 5. Organism 6. Organ System 7. Organs 8. Tissues 9. Cell 10. Organelle 11. Molecule 12. Atom |
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What are producers?
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-organism that makes organic food molecules from CO2, H2O, and other inorganic raw materials
EX: Plant, algae, antotrophic bacterium |
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what are consumers?
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organism that obtains its food by eating plants or by eating animals that have eaten plants
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What are decomposers?
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- aka detrtivore
- organism that derives its energy from organic wastes and dead organisms |
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What are two major processes included in the dynamics of an ecosystem?
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- recycling of chemical nutrients
- flow of energy |
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How does photosynthesis of plants function in both the cycling of chemical nutrients and the flow of energy in an ecosystem?
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it uses light to convert CO2 and H2O to energy rich food, making it the pathway by which both chemical nutrients and energy become available to most organisms.
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What are emergent properties?
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new properties that emerge each step upward in the hierarchy of life, owing to the arrangement and interactions of parts as complexity increases.
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What is a system/
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more complex organization from a combo of componets
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What are prokaryotic cells?
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- type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and other membrane-enclosed organelles
- all organisms are composed of these except bacteria and archaea |
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Why is the cell considered the basic unit of life?
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lowest level on the hierarchy of biological organization at which the properties of life emerge
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What are properties common to all organisms?
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- order
- regulation - growth and development - energy utilization - response to the environment - reproduction - evolution |
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What is order?
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- complex organization
EX: structure of a sunflower |
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What is regulation?
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environment outside an organism, may change markedly, but mechanisms regulate and organisms internal environment, maintaining it within the limits that sustain life
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Describe growth and development.
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inherited info carried by genes controls an organisms patterns of growth and development
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What is response to the environment?
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- respond to environmental stimuli
EX: venus flytrap capturing its prey |
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What is energy utilization?
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organisms take in energy and transform it to perform all of life's activities
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What is reproduction?
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organism produces their own kind
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What is evolution?
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reproduction underlies the capacity of species to change overtime.
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What is species?
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term used for a particular type of organism
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What is taxonomy?
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branch of biology that classifies species, arranges them in to a hierarchy of broader and broader groups.
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What are kingdoms?
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in classification broad taxonomic category above phyllum or division
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What are domains?
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- taxonomic category above the kingdom level
- 3 domains; archaea, bacteria, and eukarya |
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What is bacteria and archaea?
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prokaryotic domains of life
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What is prokaryotes?
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organism consists of prokaryotic cells
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What is a prokarytoic cell?
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- type of cell lacking a membrane enclosed nucleus and other membrane enclosed organelles
- found only in the domains of archaea and bacteria |
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What are eukaryotes?
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organism with eukaryotic cells
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What is the eukaryotic cell?
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- cell has membrane-enclose nucleus and other membrane enclosed organelles
- composes all organism except bacteria and archaea |
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What eukarya?
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- domain of eukaryotes
- organism made of eukaryotic cells - includes all protists, plants, fungi, and animals |
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What are protists?
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- aquatic or moist habitats support members of domain Eukarya
- diverse collection of mostly single-celled organims EX: algae, protozoans |
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What are the 3 kingdoms of Eukarya?
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- plantae
- fungi - animalia |
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What is a theory?
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widely accepted explanatory idea that is broad in scope and supported by a large body of evidence
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What is natural selection?
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- difference success in reproduction by different phenotypes resulting from interaction with the environment
- evolution occurs when this produces change in the relative frequencies of alleles in a population's gene pool |
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What is inductive reasoning?
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type of logic in which generalizations are based on a large number of specific observations
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What is deductive reasoning?
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type of logic in which specific results are predicted from a general premise
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What is hypothesis?
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testable explanation for a set of observations based on available data and guided by inductive reasoning
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What is a theory?
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- widely accepted explanatory idea that is broader in scope than a hypothesis, generates new hypotheses
- supported by a large body of evidence |
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What is a controlled experiment?
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experiment in which an experimental group is compared with a control group that varies only in the factor being tested
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Why is it difficult to draw from an experiment that doesn't include a control group?
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without a control group, you don't know if the experimental outcome is from the variable you are trying to test or another one
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What is technology?
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applications of scientific knowledge for a specific purpose, often involving industry commerce but also including uses in basic research
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What is the vertical scale of biology?
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- hierarchy of biological organization
- at each level, emergent properties arise from the interaction and organization of component parts - 1. molecules 2. organelles 3. cells 4. tissues 5. organs 6. organ systems 7. organisms 8. populations 9. communities 10. ecosystems 11. biosphere |
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What is the horizontal scale of biology?
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- refers to the incredible diversity of living organisms, past and present, including the 11.8 million unnamed species
- divided into 3 domains; bacteria, archaea, and eukarya |
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Why are single-celled amoebas and bacteria grouped into different domains?
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bacterial cells lack a membrane enclosed nucleus
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If a biologist is studying protists which hierarchy should they not be studying?
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organ level, because protists don't have cells
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What is the difference between hypotheses and theories?
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- hypotheses are usually narrow in scope
- theories have broad explanatory power |
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What best demonstrates the unity among all living organisms?
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related DNA sequences and common genetic code
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