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25 Cards in this Set
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Criminology |
The body of knowledge regarding crime as a social phenomenon. It includes the processes of making laws, breaking laws, and reacting to the breaking of laws. Its objective is the development of a body of general and verifies principles and other types of knowledge regarding the process of law, crime and treatment |
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Three reasons we should study crime |
1. learning about crime can tell us a lot about our society 2. We must understand crime before we can reduce it 3. Crime indirectly or directly affects us |
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6 Fields in the discipline of Criminology |
1. Definition of Crime and criminals 2. the origins and role of law 3. The social distribution of crime 4. Causation of Crime 5. Patterns of Social behaviour 6. Societal reactions to crime |
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Norms |
established rules of behaviour or standards of conduct |
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Folkways |
Informal rules that enhance our sense of belonging |
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Legal definition of a Crime |
an act that violates the criminal law and is punishable with a jail term, a fine, or some other sanction |
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White collar crime |
Crome that is committed by middle and upper class people in the course of their legitimate business activities |
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How are crimes of the lower class handled? |
By policemen, prosecutors, and judges, with penal sanctions in the form of fines, imprisonment and death |
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How are crimes of the upper class handled? |
Result in no official action at all or in suits for damages in civil court with penal sanctions in the form of warnings, orders to cease and desist, loss of a licence and only in extreme cases fines or imprisonment |
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Sutherland |
Argued that the legal definition of crime should be expanded to encompass the violation of other types of laws such as white collar crime |
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Human rights |
The minimum conditions required for a person to live a dignified life. Right to life, liberty and security of the person, the right to be free of torture and other forms of cruel and degrading punishment, the right to equality before the law and the right to the basic necessities of life |
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Julia and Herman Schwendinger |
advocated a definition of crime based on human rights rather than legal statutes. Believe criminal law has been established by those in power so that acts committed by powerful people are not criminalized |
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Hagan |
Argues for definition of crime that considers behaviours that are both actually or potentially liable to criminal law |
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Hagan's 3 dimensions to measure seriousness |
1. The degree of consensus that an act is wrong 2. The severity of society's response to an act 3. The assessment of the degree of harm of the act |
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Crime is socially defined |
An act is only deviant from the point of view of a set of rules and regulations, which vary from society to society and group to group |
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Relativity of Crime |
Crime is socially defined and the rules can change |
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Consensus Theory |
Laws represent the agreement of most of the people in society that certain acts should be prohibited by the criminal law. The law reflects values |
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Values |
Collective ideas about what is right or wrong, good or bad, and desirable or undesirable in a certain culture |
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Class Conflict Theory |
Laws are passed by members of the ruling class in order to maintain their privileged position by keeping the common people under control. Activities that threaten the powerful are deemed illegal, and the legal mechanism of the state is used to enforce the laws |
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Green Criminology |
Rooted in the environmental and animal rights movements. Argues that criminology should study socially harmful actions (such as animal slaughtering and toxic waste dumping) as well as those that violate the criminal law |
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Ecological Citizenship |
Notions of morality and rights should be extended to "non-human nature" and societies should adopt a notion of ecological citizenship that obliges them to recognize that the environment must be protected for future generations |
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Terrorism |
The illegitimate use of force to achieve a political objective by targeting innocent people. Socially determined concept - interpretation of events and their presumed causes |
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FLQ |
Terrorist group in Canada that is committed to the separation of Quebec from Canada. The group was financed through crime, they bombed and they murdered a Quebec Cabinet minister |
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Sons of Freedom Doukhobors |
Terrorist Group in Canada. Pacifists who rejected government involvement in their lives and got their children taken away and put into residential schools. Bombed and set public buildings such as schools and power lines on fire |
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Surveillance |
Any systematic focus on personal info in order to influence, manage, or control those whose info is collected |
