Chapter 1 Biology Exam Flash Card

Front 1

Living Things:

Back 1

1. Have organized parts

2. Perform chemical reactions

3. Acquire energy & materials

4. Respond to their enviroment

5. Grow

6. Reproduce

7. Evolve

Front 2

Scientific Method:

Back 2

Observation

Question

Hypothesis (Possible answer; educated guess, cannot be proved)

Prediction (If/Then statement)

Experiment

Analyze data

Conclusion

Front 3

Theory

Back 3

Explanation for a body of evidence its based on

Front 4

Protons

Back 4

Large; has a positive charge

Front 5

Neutrons

Back 5

Large; has a nuetral charge

Front 6

Electrons

Back 6

small; has a negative charge

Front 7

Where are protons, nuetrons

and electrons located?

Back 7

Protons and Nuetrons are located in nucleus;

Electrons are found in orbitus (energy shells)

Front 8

Which number on element is the Atomic number? which is Atomic mass?

Back 8

top number is atomic number; bottom number is atomic mass.

Front 9

How do you find out how many nuetrons an element has?

Back 9

Subtract the Atomic number from the Atomic mass

Front 10

If element is not bonded, then number of electrons =...

Back 10

number of protons

Front 11

How many electons per shell to fill to max?

Back 11

shell 1 = 2, shell 2 = 8, shell 3 = 8 etc...

Front 12

Nonreactive elements?

Back 12

Atoms have outer electron shell filled to capacity;

stable; satisfied (will not form bonds)

Front 13

Reactive Elements?

Back 13

Atoms of outer electron shell not filled to capacity;

Non stable; non satisfied

EX. Most Elements

Front 14

Molecule?

Back 14

Unit of matter formed when 2 or more atoms bond.

Front 15

Electrons needed to satisfy = ...

Back 15

The number of bonds

Front 16

What is an Ion?

Back 16

an atom that has gained or lost an electron(s)

Front 17

What is an Ionic Bond?

Back 17

Results when an atom(s) loses an electron(s) and another atom(s) gains an electron(s).

Front 18

What is a Covalent Bond?

Back 18

Results when 2 or more atoms SHARE electrons; Most biological molecules.

Front 19

Non Polar Molecules:

Back 19

Their atoms share electrons equally

Front 20

Polar Molecules:

Back 20

Their atoms do not share electrons equally; results in partial charge.

Front 21

Give an example of a Non Polar molecule and a Polar Molectule

Back 21

C-H = Non Polar Molecule, O-H & O-C = Polar

Front 22

Name the groups of Biological Molecules

Back 22

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins and Nucleic Acids

Front 23

What is the ration of Carbohydrates?

Back 23

1C - 2H - 1O

Front 24

Give some examples of Carbohydrates...

Back 24

Sugar, Starch, cellulose, Glycogen, Chiten

Front 25

What is a Monosaccharide and what is its function?

Back 25

Single or simple sugar; function is Quick energy source

ex. Glucose, Fructose

Front 26

What are Disaccharides and what is its function?

Back 26

2 sugars linked together. Function: The form plants use to transport sugar

ex. Sucrose

Front 27

What are Polysaccharides and what is their function?

Back 27

Many sugars linked together;

Polymers of many sugars linked together.

Function examples:

Starch - form plants use to store sugar

Glycogen - form animals use to store sugar

Cellulose - major component of plant cell walls

Front 28

Give some examples of Lipids...

Back 28

Oils, Fats, Steroids, and wax.

Front 29

What is a Triglyceride and what is its major function?

Back 29

Fat & oils. Function: Long term energy storage, has 2x the calories per gram than Carbs.

Front 30

Explain what a Triglyceride is...

Back 30

One Glycerol molecule and 3 fatty acids

Front 31

What is a Phospholipid?

Back 31

Modified Triglyceride

Front 32

What is the Organic Chemistry Rule?

Back 32

Polar molecules dissolve into Polar Molecules;

Non-Polar molecules dissolve into Non-Polar Molecules.

Front 33

What does it mean to be Hydrophilic?

Back 33

Water loving! Ex. Sugar

Front 34

What does it mean to be Hydrophobic?

Back 34

Water Fearing! Ex. Oil

Front 35

Name some Protein Examples...

Back 35

Muscle, nuts, eggs, beans, meat, hair, nails, skin

Front 36

What is the function of Proteins?

Back 36

Act as Enzymes (speeds up reactions)

Acts as a structural component - ex. Cytoskeleton (framework of the cell)

Front 37

What are proteins composed of?

Back 37

Amino Acids

Front 38

What is a Polypeptide?

Back 38

A polymer chain of Amino Acids

Front 39

What are the 4 levels of the Protein Structure?

Back 39

Primary, Secondary, Tentiary, and Quaternary

Front 40

What are Nucleic Acids composed of?

Back 40

DNA and RNA

Front 41

What is DNA? What is RNA?

Back 41

DNA - has the genetic information

RNA - Helps decode the DNA

Front 42

What characterizes Nucleic Acids?

Back 42

They have polymers of Nucleotides.

Front 43

Whats is a Nucleotide?

Back 43

Made up of 3 molecules.

Phosphate group - Sugar - Base

Front 44

Describe Cell Theory?

Back 44

All living things are composed of cells.

Smallest unit of life

All existing cells have arisen from pre-existing cells.

Front 45

What are the minimums to be a cell?

Back 45

It has to have DNA, Enzymes, Cytoplasm, Ribosomes, and qCell Membrane (plasma membrane)

Front 46

What are the 2 major groups of cells?

Back 46

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic

Front 47

Describe a Prokaryotic Cell:

Back 47

Evolved first on earth, Lack of true nuclei, lack membrane organelles (No mitochondria/chloroplast), simple structure, smaller.

Ex. Bacteria!

Front 48

Describe Eukaryotic Cells:

Back 48

Have true nuclei, Has membrane organelles, complex structure, larger

ex. plant and animal cells

Front 49

Nuclear Envelope:

Back 49

Surround the nucleus; double membranes and has pores

Front 50

Nucleus:

Back 50

Has DNA and controls the cell activety

Front 51

Nucleolus:

Back 51

Site where Ribosomes are made

Front 52

Chromatin:

Back 52

Composed of DNA, RNA and Protein

Front 53

Plasma Membrane:

Back 53

Controls what enters and exits the cell

Front 54

Cell Wall:

Back 54

Provides support;

Cell wall?

Plants - yes

animals - no

fungi - yes

protists - yes and no

Front 55

Mitochondria:

Back 55

Site of cellular respiration; where most of cells ATP is made

Front 56

The Mitochondria has something called Christae.. What is it?

Back 56

Folds of the inner membrane to increase surface area for my enzyme reactions

Front 57

Chloroplasts:

Back 57

Site of Photosynthesis

Front 58

Organisms that make their own food are...

Back 58

autotrophic

Front 59

Organisms that depend on others for food are...

Back 59

Heterotrophic

Front 60

Plant Central Vacuole:

Back 60

Single membrane liquid filled sacs; makes most of the volume of most plant cells

Front 61

Contractile Vacuole:

Back 61

Found in fresh water protists

ex. Ameba, paramecium

Front 62

This is the site of Protein Synthesis:

Back 62

Ribosomes

Front 63

Where can Ribosomes be found?

Back 63

Free in Cytoplasm to make proteins and attached to a membrane system to make poteins, usually for export.

Front 64

What is ER?

Back 64

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Front 65

What is the function of ER?

Back 65

Channels and flattens sheets of membrane

Front 66

What are the 2 types of ER?

Back 66

Smooth ER and Rough ER

Front 67

What does RER make?

Back 67

Makes proteins to be exported out of cell

Front 68

What does SER make?

Back 68

Makes lipids to be exported out of cell

Front 69

What is the Golgi Body?

Back 69

A stack of flattened sacs of membrane that modifys and packages the ER product

Front 70

What is a vesicle?

Back 70

Single membrane sac that carries ER product to Golgi Body

Front 71

This vesicle has digestive/destructive enzymes to be used in regulated fashion inside the cell. It can get rid of old organelles, kill the cell and kill "invaders".

Back 71

Lysosomes

Front 72

They are long and thin, composed of protein and can self assemple and disassemble. They CytoSkeleton is composed of these...

Back 72

Microfilaments and Microtubules

Front 73

Microtubules make up these 2 things in your body...

Back 73

Cilia and Flagella

Front 74

What does a Virus consist of?

Back 74

DNA or RNA, a protein capsid and a viral envelope (membrane)

Front 75

Name the steps of how a Virus infects a cell...

Back 75

1. Virus attaches to host cell

2. Virus gets viral genetic material into host cell

3. the genetic material directs host cell to make more viruses.

4. New Viruses are released.

5. Eventually, host cell dies.

Front 76

Are viruses living or Non- living?

Back 76

Non - living!

Front 77

A Fluid mosaic model of membrane structure

Back 77

Cell Membrane

Front 78

The Cell Membrane has this...

Back 78

A fluid phopholipid bilayer mosaic scattered of embedded proteins

Front 79

The net movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to low concentration

Back 79

Diffusion

Front 80

What kind of energy do molecules use?

Back 80

Kinetic Energy

Front 81

What is Osmosis?

Back 81

Special case of Diffusion; The net movement of water molecules from an area of high concentration to low concentration.

Front 82

Isotonic:

Back 82

Cell in unchanged; no net movement; has same water & solute concentration

Front 83

Hypertonic:

Back 83

Net movement of water is OUT of cell; cell shrinks; Solution has higher solute concentration and lower water concentration than cell

Front 84

Hypotonic:

Back 84

Net movement of water in INTO the cell; Solution has lower solute concentration and higher water concentration than the cell; Red Blood cells burst; plant cells have cell wall to provide backpressure to prevent from bursting.

Front 85

Passive Transport

Back 85

Does not require added energy

Front 86

Simple Diffusion

Back 86

High to low concentration; molecules can readily pass through membrane

Front 87

Facilitated Diffusion

Back 87

High to low concentration; Requires pores or protein transport molecules ("Carriers"); Cannot readily pass through membrane

ex. glucose, amino acids

Front 88

Active Transport

Back 88

Low to high concentration; energy is required (ATP);

needs transport proteins

Front 89

Energy of Activation

Back 89

Energy required to START a reaction

Front 90

Enzymes

Back 90

Biological catalysts composed of proteins; Speeds up reactions; lower the energy of activation; unchanged by reaction and reusable; very specific shape.

Front 91

Active Site

Back 91

Where the reaction occurs on the enzyme

Front 92

What happens when you add heat to molecules?

Back 92

Molecules move faster;

more likely to collide;

more likely to have energy to break old bonds and form new ones

Front 93

Equation of cellular respiration?

Back 93

Reactants --> REACTION ---> Product

Front 94

Substrate

Back 94

a reactant with enzyme - catalyzed reaction

Front 95

How do enzymes lower the energy of activation?

Back 95

1. Bring substrates together

2. orient the substrates such that the reaction is more likely

3. Affect electron clouds of substrates such that the reaction is more likely

Front 96

What happens when Enzymes are exposed to high heat?

Back 96

Enzyme unfolds, active site is lost and there is no reaction; It is denatured.

Front 97

Describe the pH scale:

Back 97

The higher the pH the more basic it is, the lower the pH, the more acid it is. Water is pH7, neutral.

Front 98

Buffer

Back 98

Molecules that help maintain pH

Front 99

Describe an Exergonic Reaction:

Back 99

Energy releasing reaction; the reactant have more energy than the products. EX. Cellular Respiration.

Front 100

Describe Endogonic Reactions:

Back 100

Energy Requiring reaction; Products have more energy than the reactants. Ex. Photosynthesis

Front 101

What does Oxidized and Reduced mean?

Back 101

Oxidized = Lost Electron(s) [lost energy]

Reduced = gained Electron(s) [gained energy]

Front 102

What does Coupling Reactions mean?

Back 102

Using the energy released from an exorgonic reaction to provide energy for an endergonic reaction.

Front 103

What organisms do photosynthesis?

Back 103

Plants, algae, and photosynthetic bacteria

Front 104

What is Photosynthesis?

Back 104

Turning light energy into food energy

Front 105

Epidermis:

Back 105

The out cell layers of leaves

Front 106

Cuticle:

Back 106

Wax coating on epidermis cells to prevent water loss

Front 107

Stoma:

Back 107

Opening in leaf and site of gas exchange

Front 108

Guard cells:

Back 108

Surrounds the Stomata (stoma) to open and close opening

Front 109

Xylem:

Back 109

Tissue that transports water

Front 110

Phloem:

Back 110

Tissue that transports food

Front 111

Mesophyl:

Back 111

Tissue that is the site of photosynthesis; they have chloroplasts

Front 112

Granum:

Back 112

Stack of thylakoid membranes inside Chloroplasts

Front 113

Stroma:

Back 113

liquid portion of Chloroplast

Front 114

Grana:

Back 114

Has enzymes & pigments embedded in thylakoid membranes

Front 115

Chlorophyll a

Back 115

Photosynthetic pigment; directly involved in photosynthesis

Front 116

Accessory Pigments:

Back 116

Chlorophyll b, carotene, xanthophyll

Front 117

Accessory pigments function:

Back 117

Capture light and pass it to Chlorophyll a