Chapter 1 Ap/gov

Front 1

democracy

Back 1

government by the people, both directly or indirectly, with free and frequent elections

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direct democracy

Back 2

government in which citizens vote on laws and select officials directly

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direct primary

Back 3

an election in which voters, rather than other elected officials, choose party nominees

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initiative

Back 4

a procedure whereby a certain number of voters may, by petition, propose a law or constitutional amendment and have it submitted to the voters

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referendum

Back 5

procedure for submitting to popular vote measures passed by the legislature or proposed amendments to a state constitution

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recall

Back 6

a procedure for submitting to popular vote the removal of officials from office before the end of their term

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representative democracy

Back 7

government in which the people elect those who govern and pass laws; also called a republic

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constitutional democracy

Back 8

government that enforces recognized limits on those who govern and allows the voice of the people to be heard through free, fair, and relatively frequent elections

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constitutionalism

Back 9

the set of arrangements, including checks and balances, federalism, separation of powers, rule of law, due process, and a bill of rights, thst requires our leaders to listen, think, bargain, and explain before they act or make laws; they are held legally and politically accountable for how they excersize their powers

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natural rights

Back 10

the rights of all people to dignity and worth

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political culture

Back 11

the widely shared beliefs, values, and norms citizens hold about their relationship to government and to one another; can be discovered by the behavior, beliefs, and speech of the people

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statism

Back 12

the idea that the rights of the nation are supreme over the rights of the individuals who make up the nation

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American Dream

Back 13

a complex set of ideas that holds that the United States is a land of opportunity where individual initiative and hard work can bring economic success

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capitalism

Back 14

an economic system based on private property, competitive markets, economic incentives, and limited government involvement in the production, pricing, and distribution of goods and services

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popular consent

Back 15

the idea that a just government must derive its powers from the consent of the people it governs

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majority rule

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governance according to the expressed preferences of the majority

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majority

Back 17

the candidate or party that wins more than half the votes cast in an election

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plurality

Back 18

the candidate or party with the most votes cast in an election, not necessaily more than half; what most democracies use

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democratic consensus

Back 19

a condition for democracy is that the people widely share a set of attitudes and beliefs about governmental procedures, institutions, core documents, and fundamentsl values

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theocracy

Back 20

government by religious leaders, who claim divine guidance; no separation between church and government

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Articles of Confederation

Back 21

the first governing document of the confederated states, drafted in 1777, ratified in 1781, and replaced by the present Constitution in 1789; a loose formation of government
-no national executive
-no judiciary
-no national currency

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Annapolis Convention

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a convention held in September 1786 to consider problems of trade and navigation, attended by five states and important because it issued the call to Congress and the states for what became the Constitutional Convention

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Constituional Convention

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the convention in Philadelphia, from May 25 to September 17, 1787, that debated and agreed on the Constituion of the United States

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Shay's Rebellion

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a rebellion led by Daniel Shays of farmers in western Massachusetts in 1786-1787 protesting mortgage foreclosures, forcing judges out of their courtrooms, and freeing debtors from jail; highlighted the need for a strong national government just as the call for the Constitutional Convention went out

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bicameralism

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the principle of a two-house legislature; reflected delegates' belief in the need for balanced government

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Virginia Plan

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the initial proposal at the Constitutional Convention made by the Virginia delegation for a strong central government with a bicameral legislature dominated by the big states; representation would be based on wealth or population
-favored by big states

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New Jersey Plan

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the proposal at rhe Constitutional Convention made by William Paterson of New Jersey for a central government with a single-house legislature in which each state would be represented equally
-favored by small states

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Connecticut Compromise

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the compromise agreement by states at the Constitutional Convention for a bicameral legislature with a lower house in which representation would be based on population and an upper house in which each state would have two senators

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three-fifths compromise

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compromise between northern and southern states at the Constitutional Convention that three out of every five slaves would count in determining the states population for direct taxation and representation in the House of Representatives

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Electoral College

Back 30

the electoral system used in electing the president and vice president, in which voters vote for electors pledged to cast their ballots for a particular party's candidates

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Federalists

Back 31

supporters of ratification of the Constitution and of a strong central government

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Antifederalists

Back 32

opponents of ratification of the Constitution and of a strong central government generally

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"The Federalist"

Back 33

essays promoting ratification of the Constitution, published anonymously by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison in 1787 and 1788; used the pseudonym Publius

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sagittal plane

Back 34

divides the body into left and right parts

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midsagittal plane

Back 35

sagittal plane that lies on the midline

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Frontal plane

Back 36

divides the body into anterior and posterior parts

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Transverse plane

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divides the body into superior and inferior parts

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Oblique

Back 38

cuts made diagonally

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Dorsal Body Cavity

Back 39

function is to protect the nervous system; 2 subdivisions

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Cranial Cavity

Back 40

within the skull; encases the brain

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Vertebral/Spinal Cavity

Back 41

runs within the vertebral column; encases the spinal cord

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Ventral Body Cavity

Back 42

located anterior to the dorsal cavity; contains internal organs

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Viscera

Back 43

internal organs

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Thoracic cavity

Back 44

located superior to abdominopelvic cavity; contains lungs and heart

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Abdominopelvic Cavity

Back 45

contains abdominal organs; 2 sections

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Pericardial Cavity

Back 46

contains heart

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Serous Membrane

Back 47

protects internal organs from damage; visceral and parietal layers