Chapter 1 - Anatomy And Physiology I

Front 1

ANATOMY

Back 1

Studies the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another.

Front 2

PHYSIOLOGY

Back 2

Concerns the FUNCTION of the body; how the body parts work and carry out their life-sustaining activities.

Front 3

GROSS ANATOMY

MACROSCOPIC ANATOMY

Back 3

The study of large body structures visible to the naked eye, such as the heart, lungs, and kidneys.

Front 4

REGIONAL ANATOMY

(Subdivision of Gross Anatomy)

Back 4

In regional anatomy, all the structures (muscles, bones, blood vessels, nerves, etc.) in a particular region of the body, such as the abdomen or leg, are examined at the same time.

Front 5

SYSTEMIC ANATOMY

(Subdivision of Gross Anatomy)

Back 5

In systemic anatomy, body structure is studied system by system. (When studying the heart you would examine the heart and the blood vessels of the entire body).

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SURFACE ANATOMY

(Subdivision of Gross Anatomy)

Back 6

The study of internal structures as they relate to the overylying skin surface.

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MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY

Back 7

Deals with structures too small to be seen with the naked eye. (Sub-divisions include cytology and histology)

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CYTOLOGY

(Subdivision of Microscopic Anatomy)

Back 8

Considers the cells of the body

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HISTOLOGY

(Subdivision of Microscopic Anatomy)

Back 9

The study of tissues.

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DEVELOPMENTAL ANATOMY

Back 10

Traces structural changes that occur in the body throughout the life span.

Front 11

EMBRYOLOGY

(Subdivision of Developmental Anatomy)

Back 11

Concerns the developmental changes that occur before birth.

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PATHOLOGICAL ANATOMY

Back 12

Studies structural changes caused by disease.

Front 13

RADIOGRAPHIC ANATOMY

Back 13

Studies internal structures as visualized by X-ray images or specialized scanning procedures.

Front 14

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Back 14

Studies the structure of biological molecules (chemical substances). Separate branch of biology but is anatomy during anatomical studies of the subcellular level.

Front 15

RENAL PHYSIOLOGY

Back 15

Concerns kidney function and urine function.

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NEUROPHSYIOLOGY

Back 16

Explains the workings of the nervous system.

Front 17

CARDIOVASCULAR PHYSIOLOGY

Back 17

Examines the operation of the heart and blood vessels.

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PRINCIPLE OF COMPLEMENTARITY OF STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

Back 18

What structure can do depends on its specific form. (Bones can support and protect body organs because they contain hard mineral deposits.)

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CHEMICAL LEVEL

(Level of Structural Organization)

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Simplest level of structural hierarchy - atoms combine to form molecules such as water and proteins.

Front 20

CELLULAR LEVEL

(Level of Structural Organization)

Back 20

Cells are the smallest units of living things. Molecules associate in ways to form organelles, basic components of the microscopic cells. Cells vary in size and shape.

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TISSUE LEVEL

(Level of Structural Organization)

Back 21

Tissues are groups of similar cells that have a common function. Four basic tissue types are: epithelium, muscle, connective tissue, and nervous tissue.

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ORGAN LEVEL

Back 22

At the organ level, extremely complex functions become possible.

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ORGAN SYSTEM LEVEL

Back 23

Organs that work together to accomplish a common purpose.

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ORGANISMAL LEVEL

Back 24

Represents the sum total of all structural levels working together to keep us alive.

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MAINTAINING BOUNDARIES

Back 25

Every living organism must maintain boundaries so that its internal environment remains distinct from the external environment.

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MOVEMENT

Back 26

Includes the activites promoted by the muscular system.

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CONTRACTILITY

Back 27

On the cellular level, the muscle cell's ability to move by shortening.

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RESPONSIVENESS

(IRRITABILITY)

Back 28

The ability to sense changes (which serve as stimuli) in the environment and then respond to them.

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DIGESTION

Back 29

The breaking down of ingested foodstuffs to simple molecules that can be absorbed into the blood. The nutrient-rich blood is then distributed to all body cells by the cadiovascular system.

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METABOLISM

Back 30

A broad term that includes all chemical reactions that occur within body cells.

Front 31

EXCRETION

Back 31

The process of removing wastes, or extreta, from the body.

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REPRODUCTION

Back 32

Occurs at the cellular level and the organismal level. In cellular reproduction, the cell divides, producing two identical daughter cells that may then be used for body growth or repair.

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GROWTH

Back 33

An increase in size of a body part or the organism.

Front 34

NUTRIENTS

(Survival Needs)

Back 34

Nutrients, taken in via the diet, contain the chemical substances used for energy and cell building.

Front 35

OXYGEN

(Survivial Needs)

Back 35

The chemical reactions that release energy from foods are oxidative reactions that require oxygen.

Front 36

WATER

(Survival Needs)

Back 36

Water accounts for 60-80% of our body weight and is the single most abundant chemical substance in the body. Provides the watery environment necessary for chemical reactions and fluid base for body secretions and excretions.

Front 37

NORMAL BODY TEMPERATURE

(Survival Needs)

Back 37

98.6 degrees F & 37 degrees C
When body temp drops metabolic reactions become slower, When temp is high, chemical reactions occur at frantic pace and body proteins lose their shape and stop functioning.

Front 38

ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE

(Survival Needs)

Back 38

The force that air exerts on the surface of the body. Breathing and gas exchange in the lungs depend on appropriate atomospheric pressure.

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HOMEOSTASIS

Back 39

The body's ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even though the outside world changes continuously.

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VARIABLE

(Homeostatic Control)

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The factor or event being regulated.
1) A stimulus produces a change in variable.

Front 41

RECEPTOR

(Homeostatic Control System)

Back 41

The receptor is some type of sensor that monitors the environment and responds to changes, called stimuli, by sending information to the control center. Input flows from the receptor to the control center along the afferent pathway.
2) Receptor detects change

Front 42

CONTROL CENTER

(Homeostatic Control System)

Back 42

The control center determines the set point, which is the level or range at which a variable is to be maintained. It also analyzes the input it receives and determines the appropriate response or course of action. Output then flows to the effector along the efferent pathway.

Front 43

EFFECTOR

(Homeostatic Control System)

Back 43

The effector provides the means for the control center's response to the stimulus. The results of the response then feed back to influence the effect of the stimulus, either reducing it (in negative feedback) or enhancing it (positive feedback)

Front 44

NEGATIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISMS

(Homeostatic Control System)

Back 44

The output shuts off the original effect of the stimulus or reduces its intensity. Causes variable to change in the direction OPPOSITE of the initial change, returning it to its ideal value.

Front 45

POSITIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISMS

(Homeostatic Control System)

Back 45

The result or response enhances the original stimulus so that the response is accelerated. The change that results proceeds in the same direction as the initial change, causing the variable to deviate further from its original value or range.

Front 46

HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCE

Back 46

Most disease can be regarded as a result of homeostasis disturbance. An unstable internal environment.