Chapter 1 - An Introduction To Anatomy And Physiology

Front 1

Anatomy

Back 1

"a cutting open" is the study of internal and external structures of the body and the physical relationships among body parts.

Front 2

Physiology

Back 2

Study of how living organisms perform their vital functions. All physiological functions are performed by specfic structures.

Front 3

Cell physiology

Back 3

study of the function of cells, is the cornerstone of human physiology.

Front 4

Special physiology

Back 4

study of the physiology of specific organs

Front 5

Systemic physiology

Back 5

includes all aspects of the functioning or specfic organ systems.

Front 6

Pathological physiology

Back 6

study of the effects of diseases on organ or system functions.

Front 7

Gross anatomy/macroscopic anatomy

Back 7

involves the examination of relatively large structures and features usually visible with the unaided eye.

Front 8

Regional anatomy

Back 8

focuses on the anatomical organization of specific areas of the body, such as the head,neck,or trunk.

Front 9

Systemic anatomy

Back 9

study of the structure of organ system which are groups of organs that function together in a coordinated manner

Front 10

Organ systems

Back 10

are groups of organs that function together in a coordinated manner

Front 11

Developmental antomy

Back 11

describes the changes in form that occur between conception and physical maturity.

Front 12

embryology

Back 12

study of structural changes during the first two months of development

Front 13

Microscopic Anatomy

Back 13

deals with structures that cannot be seen without magnification

Front 14

Cytology

Back 14

analysis of the internal structure of indivdual cells

Front 15

Cells

Back 15

smallest living units in the human body

Front 16

Histology

Back 16

Study/examination of tissues

Front 17

Tissues

Back 17

groups of specialized cells and cell product that work together to perform specific functions

Front 18

Organs

Back 18

Tissues combine to form organs

Front 19

Human Physiology

Back 19

study of the functions of the human body

Front 20

Organ system

Back 20

The human body is made up of several organ systems that work together as one unit. There are ten major organ systems of the body. Some of these systems include the:

circulatory system
digestive system
nervous system
reproductive system

Front 21

Homeostasis

Back 21

existence of a stable internal environment. To survive, every organism must maintain homeostasis. Homeostasis is absolutely vital to an organism; failure to maintain homeostasis soon leads to illness or even death

Front 22

Autoregulation (intrinsic regulation)

Back 22

occurs when a cell, a tissue, and organ, or and organ system adjusts its activities automatically in response to some environmental change.

Front 23

Extrinsic regulation

Back 23

results from the activities of the nervous system or endrocrine system, two organ systems that control or adjust the activities of many other systems simultaneously.

Front 24

Receptor

Back 24

a sensor that is sensitive to a particular environmental change, or stimulus

Front 25

Control Center (Integration center)

Back 25

receives and processes the information supplied by the receptor and which sends out commands

Front 26

Effector

Back 26

cell or organ that responds to the commands of the control center and whose activity either opposes or enhances stimulus.

Front 27

Negative feedback

Back 27

corrective mechanism involving an action that directly opposes a variation from normal limits.

Front 28

Positive feedback

Back 28

iniitial stimulus produces a response that exaggerates or enhances the change in the original conditions, rather than opposing it.

Front 29

Disease

Back 29

A malfunction of organs or organ system resulting from a failure of homeostatic regulation.

Front 30

State of equilibrium

Back 30

exists when opposing processes forces are in balance.

Front 31

Anatomical position

Back 31

When the body is in this position the hands are at the sides with the palms facing forward and the feet are together.

Front 32

supine

Back 32

person lying down in the anatomical position (face up)

Front 33

prone

Back 33

person lying down in the anatomical position (face down)

Front 34

Abdominopelvic quadrants

Back 34

One of four divisions of the anterior abdominal surface.
Right Upper Quadrant; Right Lower Quadrant; Left Upper Quadrant; Left Lower Quadrant

Front 35

Abdominopelvic Regions

Back 35

One of nine divisions of the anterior abdominal surface.
First Row/ Right Hypochondria region Epigastric region, Left Hypochondriac region;
Second Row/ Right lumbar region,Umbilical region, Left lumbar region;
Third Row/ Right Inguinal Region, Hypogastric,Left inguinal region

Front 36

Sectional planes

Back 36

Any slice through a three-dimensional object

Front 37

transverse plane

Back 37

dividing body into superior and inferior portions

Front 38

CT, CAT(computerized axial tomography)

Back 38

An imaging technique that uses Xrays to reconstruct the body's three-dimensional structure.

Front 39

DSA (digital subtraction angiography)

Back 39

A technique used to monitor blood flow through specific organs, such as the brain, heart, lungs, or kidneys. Xrays are taken before and after a radiopaque dye is administered,and a computer"subtracts" details common to both images. The result is a high contrast image showing the distribution of the dye

Front 40

MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)

Back 40

An imaging technique that employs a magnetic field and radio waves to portray subtle structural differences

Front 41

PET scan(positron emission tomography)

Back 41

An imaging technique that shows the chemical functioning, as well as the structure of an organ

Front 42

radiologist

Back 42

A physician who specializes in performing and analyzing radiological procedures

Front 43

spiral- CT

Back 43

A method of processing computerized tomography data to provide rapid, three-dimensional images of internal organs

Front 44

ultrasound

Back 44

An imaging technique that uses brief bursts of high-frequency sound waves reflected by internal structures.

Front 45

X-ray

Back 45

High-energy radiation that can penetrate living tissues

Front 46

Pericardial cavity

Back 46

small chamber that surrounds the heart

Front 47

Surface anatomy

Back 47

study of general form and superficial markings

Front 48

Clinical Anatomy

Back 48

includes a number of subspecialties important in clinical practice

Front 49

Medical Anatomy

Back 49

Anatomical features that change during illness

Front 50

Radiographic anatomy

Back 50

anatomical structures seen using specific imaging techniques

Front 51

Surgical anatomy

Back 51

anatomical landmarks important in surgery

Front 52

Anterior

Back 52

Ventral - belly front of the body

Front 53

Body cavities

Back 53

Vital organs suspended in internal chambers (protect and permit change)

Front 54

Ventral body cavity (coelom)

Back 54

appears early in embryological development

Front 55

diaphragm

Back 55

flat muscular sheet divides ventral body into a superior thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity

Front 56

viscera

Back 56

a delicate layer called serous membrane lines walls of these internal cavities and covers surfaces of enclosed viscera

Front 57

pleural cavities

Back 57

thoracic cavity is subdivided into left and right that contain lungs

Front 58

mediastinum

Back 58

central tissue that divides thoracic cavity into two pleural cavities

Front 59

pelvic cavity

Back 59

inferior subdivision of the abdominopelvic cavity

Front 60

frontal plane (coronal plane)

Back 60

Parallel to the long axis of the body. Frontal plane extends side to side, dividing body into anterior and inferior portions

Front 61

parasagittal section

Back 61

cut parallel to mid-sagittal line

Front 62

midsagittal section (median section)

Back 62

cut that passes along the midline and divides the body into left and right halves

Front 63

sagittal plane

Back 63

extends from front to back dividing body into left and right portions

Front 64

11 Organ systems

Back 64

Integumentary
Skeletal
Muscular
Nervous
Endocrine
Cardiovascular
Lymphatic
Respiratory
Digestive
Urinary
Reproductive Systems

Front 65

Important concept of function

Back 65

All specific functions are performed by specific structures

Front 66

Abdominal cavity

Back 66

abdominalopelvic cavity extends from the diaphragm to the pelvis. It is sub-divided into a superior abdominal cavity.