Chapter 1 A Brief History Of Microbiology

Front 1

Why do we study Microorganisms?

Back 1

They can be both beneficial and harmful

Front 2

What are some beneficial examples?

Back 2

food preservation, flavor, food production, biogeochemical recycling, vitamins, decompose organic waste, produce industrial chemicals such as ethanol and acetone, photosynthesis, products used in manufacturing and treatment

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Antiobiotics

Back 3

produced by bacteria and fungi

Front 4

Human growth hormone, human insulin

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produces by genetically engineered bacteria

Front 5

laundry enzymes and vitamins

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isolated from bacteria

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Diatomaceous earth (used in polishes and buffing compounds)

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composed of cell walls of microscopic algea

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pest control chemicals

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insect pests killed or inhibited by bacterial pathogens

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drain opener

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protein-digesting and fat-digesting enzymes produced by bacteria

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Harmful examples

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disease-pathogenic, food blights, spoilage

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Knowledge of microorganisms allows humans to

Back 10

prevent food spoilage, prevent disease

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What did the study of microorganisms lead to?

Back 11

aseptic techniques

Front 12

What are aseptic techniques

Back 12

techniques used to prevent contamination in medicines and in laboratories

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Aristotle 350 BC

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"readily observable that aphids arise from the dew shich falls on plants, flease from putrid matter, mice from dirty hay" -concept of spontaneous generation

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Robert Hooke (England)- 1665

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he was in the wine industry, looking at cork.... described boxes; beginning Cell Theory

Front 15

What is one major hurdle about microorganisms?

Back 15

how do living things appear

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Spontaneous generation

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the hypothesis that living organisms arise form nonliving matter; a "vital force" forms life (aristotle) very common up to the 1800's

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1668 Francesco Redi

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filled jars with decaying meat--uncovered(maggots showed up), sealed(nothing--no air), and gauze covered(no maggots create doubt).

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1632-1723 Antoni van Leeuwenhoek

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first to describe live microorganisms; built his own microscopes everytime to view fabrics; he looked at his own diarhhea and discovered animalcules(was actually bacteria and protozoa)

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By the end of the 19th century

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microorganisms

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1745 John Needham

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What causes tiny living things to appear in decaying broth?

Hypothesis: spontaneous generation

microbes through spontaneous generation

Boiled broth in a flasks and wondered where the microbes came from

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1765 Lazzaro Spallanzani

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Hypothesis: microbes come from the air, bioling them will kill them

Broth in vials that are heated result in no growth

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What did critiques argue against Spallanzani?

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sealed vials did not allow enough air for organisms to survive

Prolonged heating destroyed 'life force'

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1858 Rudolf Virchow (Germany)

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first major challenge to spontaneous generation

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Biogenesis

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the hypothesis that living organisms arise from preexisting life

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cell theory

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all living things are composed of cells and come from preexisting cells

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Scientific Method

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observations leads to questions

questions generates hypothesis

hypothesis is tested through experimentation

Results prove or disprove hypothesis

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What does accepted hypothesis leads to

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theory/law

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What does a rejected hypothesis can be

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modified or thrown out

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1861 Louis Pasteur

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Misconception was that air caused fermentation

fermentation- sugar to alcohol

microbial growth is also responsible for food spoilage.

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1861 Louis Pasteur

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heated broth in S-necked flasks

supported biogenesis...microorganisms in air

helped us develop aseptic techniques

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Pastuerization (1857-1914)

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was developed by Pasteur to kill particular organisms

involves heating to kill pathogens, does not damage the food

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True or False: Pasteurization is sterilization.

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False

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Pasterurization definition

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the application of a high heat for a short time

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Classic Pasteurization:

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heat to 63 degrees C

30 minutes

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Modern Pasteurization

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heat to 72 degrees C for 15 seconds

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Aseptic techniques

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methods used for preventing contamination by unwanted microorganisms

Front 37

Ignaz Semmelweis (1840s)

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advocated hand washing

Front 38

Streptococcus pyogenes (italics)

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causes strep, if left untreated can cause scarlet fever, it is a flesh eating bacteria

coccus means it is circle shaped

Front 39

John Snow 1850s

Back 39

key role in setting standards of good public hygiene and preventing spread of disease

He did not do any lab work, all he did was map cholera

Front 40

John Snow helped improve ______.

He was the father of _______.

Back 40

sewage and sanitation

epidemiology

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Florence Nightingale 1850s

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she was a nurse and helped with washing the wounds

she started the first nursing school

Front 42

Jospeh Lister 1860s

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used a chemical disinfectant to prevent surgical wound infections (phenol)

He believed that wound infection was caused by the air

Front 43

what did pasteur show about rotting?

Back 43

rotting occurs if microorganisms are there and no oxygen is needed

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Edward Jenner in 1796

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he developed the first vaccine, tested Sarah Nelms tale and scratched arm with contaminated needle

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Sarah Nelms

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was a milk maid who had cow pox once and believed it had immunity to the small pox and told Edward Jenner about it

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James Phipps

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was the poor boy whom Edward Jenner paid for him to inject him with cow pox and later on small pox

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what does vacca mean

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cow

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immunity

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the use of body's own defense mechanisms to fight disease

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Edward Jenner was the father of ________

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immunology

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Germ theory of Disease

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was developed by pasteur

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1876: Robert Koch

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German physician, first direct proof that a bacterium (Bacillus anthracis) causes anthrax

Front 52

Who developed the experimental steps to determine if a migroorganism is involved in a disease?

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Robert Koch

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Bacillus anthracis

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infection: cutaneous, inhalation, gastrointestinal

has endospores

contracted by inhaled spores and 95% cutaneous

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Koch's postulates

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1. the same pathogen must be present in every case of the disease

2. the pathogen must be isolated from the disease host and then grown in pure culture

3. the pathogen from the pure culture must cause the disease when it is inoculated into a healthy, susceptible animal.

4. the pathogen must be isolated from the inoculated animal and must be shown to be the original organism

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Koch's contributions

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1. simple staining techniques

2. first photomicrograph of bacteria and of bacteria in diseased tissue

3. techniques for estimating CFU/ml

4. steam to sterilize media

5. use of petri dishes

6. techniques to transfer bacteria

7. bacteria as distinct species

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Quinine

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from tree bark was used to treat malaria

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Paul Erlich

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talked about a "magic bullet" that could destroy a pathogen without harming the host

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1908 Paul Erlich

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chemotherapy, chemicals could be used to kill some pathogens without being toxic to the human

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salvarsan

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developed in 1910 by Ehrlich,

an arsenic drug used to treat syphilis

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1930s

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Sulfonamides were synthesized

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1928 Alexander Fleming

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discovered the first antibiotic

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Penicillium

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(Fleming), a fungus made antibiotic(penicillin) that killed S. aureus

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1940s Penicillin

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was tested clinacally and mass produced

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chemotherapy

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is treatment with chemicals

Front 65

synthetic drugs or antibiotics

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chemotherapeutic agents used to treat infectious disease

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antibiotics

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are chemicals produced by bacteria and fungi that inhibit or kill other microbes

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Virology: 1892 Dmitri Ivanowski virus

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speculated about tobacco mosiac virus. He tried to isolate the agent responsible by using filtration that would catch known microorganisms. He did not understand that it was a virus and that it was too small and went straight through the filter

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1935 Wendel Stanley

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looked at crystallized TMV

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1940s

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EM's allowed direct visualization of viral particles

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Leeuwenhoek modern developments

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Bacteriology, Protozoology, Phycology, Mycology, Parasitilogy

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Bacteriology

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the study of bacteria

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Protozoology

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the study of protozoans

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Phycology

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the study of algae

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Mycology

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the study of fungi

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Parasitology

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the study of protozoa and parasitic worms

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Carl Linnaeus and Taxonomy

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the study of naming organisms

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Industrial Microbiology

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Pasteur- the study of beneficial microorganisms in products

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Etiology

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Koch- the study of the cause of disease

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Virology

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Ivanowski- the study of viruses

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antiseptic techniques

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Lister, Nightingale - preventing contamination and infection

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Immunology

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Jenner- the study of the body's defenses against specific diseases

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Chemotherapy

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Ehrlich- the use of chemicals to treat infectious diseases

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Pharnaceutical microbiology

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Fleming- the use of antiobiotics and vaccinations

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Biochemistry began with who?

What is Biochemistry?

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Pasteur- Microbes used as model systems for biochemical reactions

Front 85

What are some practical applications of Biochemistry

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1. design herbicides and pesticides

2. diagnosis of illness and monitoring responses to treatments

3. treatment of metabolic diseases

4. drug design

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Microbial genetics

Back 86

the study of how microbes inherit traits

Front 87

molecular biology

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the study of how DNA directs proetin synthesis

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Genomics

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the study of an organism's genes; has provided new tools for classifying microorganisms

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Rocombinant DNA

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DNA made from two different sources

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Paul Berg

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inserted animal DNA into bacterial DNA and the bacteria produced an animal protein

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1941- George Beadle and Edward Tatum

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showed that genes encode a cell's enzymes

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1944 Oswald Avery, Colin Macleod, and Maclyn McCarty

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showed that DNA was the hereditary material

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1961 Francois Jacob and Jacques Monod

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discovered the role of mRNA in protein synthesis

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Pauling

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proposed that gene sequences could:

1. provide understanding of evolutionary relationships/processes

2. establish taxonomic categories

3. identify microbes that have never been cultured

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What causes cat scratch disease

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caused by unculturable organism

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Three domains

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based on comparison of sequences of rRNA

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How do the three domains differ

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1. lipid membrane structure, tRNA, response to antibiotics

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Eubacteria

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contains true bacteria (prokaryotic)

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Archaea

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contains archeabacteria (prokaryotic) extreme bacteria

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Eukarya

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contains all the eukaryotic kingdoms

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Taxonomic hierarchy

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domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

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prokaryotes

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have no nucleus(bacteria and archaea)

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Eukaryotes

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DNA enclosed in membrane called the nucleus

-fungi, protozoa, algae, multicellular animal parasites

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What are the five kingdoms

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monera, protista, fungi, plantae, animalia

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monera

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archae and true bacteria

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protista

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eukaryotic, generally unicellular, algae, protozoa

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fungi

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eukaryotic, generally multicellular, saprophytic, chitin

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Plantae

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eukaryotic, multicellular, photosynthetic

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animalia

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eukaryotic, multicellular, ingest food

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which of the kingdoms is not eukaryotic

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monera

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Bacteria

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prokaryotes, unicellular, peptidoglycan cell walls, binary fission,

uses organic chemicals, inorganic chemicals, and photosynthesis for energy/food

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Archaea

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prokaryotic, lacks peptidoglycan, lives in extreme environments do not cause disease

Includes: methanogens, extreme halophiles, extreme thermophiles

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fungi

Back 113

eukaryotes, chitin walls, uses organic chemicals for energy, molds and mushrooms are multicellular, yeasts are unicellular, reproduce sexually and asexually

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Protozoa

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eukaryotes, unicellular, amoeba and Paramecium, some are parasites, reproduce sexually and asexually, absorb or ingest organic chemicals, may be motile: pseudopods, cilia, or flagella, may cause disease

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Algae

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Eukaryotes, cellulose cell walls, use photosynthesis for energy, produce molecular oxygen and organic compounds

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multicellular animal parasites

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eukaryotes, multicellular animals, parasitic flatworms and roundworms are called helminths, microscopic stages in life cycles

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Virsuses

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acellular, consist of DNA or RNA core, core is surrounded by a protein coat, coat may be enclosed in a lipid envelope, viruses are replicated only when they are in a living host cell