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125 Cards in this Set
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Optical density |
Overall blackening of film |
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Brightness of displayed image |
Equivalent term for optical density in digital imaging |
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Contrast/contrast resolution |
Primarily controlled by bit depth in digital radiography
Controlled by kVp in screen film |
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Spatial resolution |
Ability to visualize Small structures |
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Spatial resolution controlled by |
IP phosphor DEL size Geometry Distance Focal spot size Motion Film Intensifying screen |
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Distortion |
Misrepresentation of the shape or size of a structure
Ex if a bone is projected longer or shorter than it actually is on the radiographicimage it is caused by distortion |
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Magnification |
Size distortion
Controlled by;
•OID (object to image receptor distance)
•SID (Source to image receptor distance) |
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Radiographer |
Radiologic. Teknowledge he just who administers ionizing radiation to perform a radiographic procedures |
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Radiologist extender |
Known as as a radiologist assistant (RA) or a radiology practitioner assistant (RPA) |
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Radiologist |
Physician who is board-certified to read, or interpret x-ray examinations |
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Sterilization |
Accomplishes total destruction of micro organisms |
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Infection control |
Blood and body fluid's recommendations are issued by the centers for disease control (CDC)
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Infection control |
The tabletop or upright Bucky must be cleaned after every patient |
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Motion |
Three types; Involuntary voluntary equipment |
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Involuntary motion |
Caused by; • heartbeat •chills •peristalsis •tremor •spasm •pain |
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Voluntary motion |
Normally caused by;
•Nervousness •discomfort •excitability •mental illness •fear •Age •breathing |
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How to avoid Voluntary motion |
You can avoid voluntary motion by,
•Given clear instructions •providing patient comfort •adjusting support devices •applying immobilization •decreasing exposure time |
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Image always requires |
•Date •patients name or ID number •right or left side marker •institution identity |
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Three general IR positions |
Lengthwise – longitudinal Crosswise- Horizontal Diagonal – corner to corner |
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Central ray (CR) |
The central or principal beam of rays |
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X-ray tube shall not be closer than? |
12 inches from the patient |
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SID standardize for examinations must be indicated on technique charts |
40 inches ( 102cm) traditionally used on most examinations.
72 inches (183cm) used on examinations with increased OID to reduce magnification. |
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Collimation |
Restriction of the x-ray beam to only anatomy of interest |
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Collimation serves two purposes... |
•Minimizes patient exposure •reduces scatter radiation |
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Collimation will also increase? |
Radiographic contrast |
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Shielding guidelines |
•Gonads lie within or close to (about 5cm from) primary x-ray field
•clinical objectives is not compromised
•patient has reasonable reproductive potential |
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Highest gonad dose in a male is when... |
A pelvis (3mGy) is performed |
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It is the responsibility of the radiographer to |
Ensure that each radiation exposure upholds the ALARA(as low as reasonable achievable)concept |
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Final contrast and brightness adjustments radiographic Image are done by using a |
Computer |
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Final contrast and brightness adjustments radiographic Image are done by using a |
Computer |
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Exposure numbers are used to determine |
Whether a image is within quality range |
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IP phosphors are more sensitive to |
Scatter radiation |
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IR could be open for a few minutes without causing stored image to be destroyed |
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Technique chart should be in every room and on mobile machines |
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Primary factors in exposure technique |
•mAs
•KVP
• automatic exposure control (AEC)
•SID
•Patient (part) thickness
•Grid
•CR exposure indicators or other digital exposure value estimates
•IR or collimated field dimensions
•screen film speed number
•electrical supply |
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Primary factors in exposure technique |
•mAs
•KVP
• automatic exposure control (AEC)
•SID
•Patient (part) thickness
•Grid
•CR exposure indicators or other digital exposure value estimates
•IR or collimated field dimensions
•screen film speed number
•electrical supply |
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Certain pathological conditions are required a... |
Decrease in technique |
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Certain pathological conditions that require a decrease in technique are |
Old age pneumothorax Emphysema Emaciation Degenerative arthritis Atrophy |
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Certain pathological conditions also require a |
Increase in technique |
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Pathological Conditions that require a increase in technique are... |
•Pneumonia •Pleural infusion •Hydrocephalus •Enlarged heart •edema •ascites |
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Communication is key and all imaging procedures |
Empathic communication is essential |
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Obesity |
Increase in bodyweight by excessive accumulation of fat |
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When imaging obese patients what is affected |
•Image quality
•the ability to transfer patient safely
•ability to find landmarks |
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When moving patient to table make sure |
Table can be supported by patient weight |
When moving patient to table make sure |
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Localization tips |
Never prod patient unnecessary
Locate jugular notch |
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Localization tips |
Never prod patient unnecessary
Locate jugular notch |
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Jugular notch is located |
<5feet: 21 inches 5 to 6 feet : 22inches >6 feet: 24 inches |
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Anatomy |
The science of the structure of the body |
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occlusal |
Plane formed by biting surface of upper and lower teeth (jaws closed) |
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Interiliac |
Plane transects the body at the pelvis at the top of iliac crest (level of L4) |
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Body cavities |
Thoracic
Abdominal cavity (lower portion of abdominal cavity is called pelvic cavity) |
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Abdominal cavity has no lower portion, but the lower portion is called the pelvic cavity also referred to as |
Abdominopelvic cavity |
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What is inside thoracic cavity |
Pleural membranes lungs trachea esophagus Pericardium heart and great vessels |
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Abdominal cavity contains |
Peritoneum Liver Gallbladder Pancreas Spleen Stomach Kidneys ureters Major blood vessels |
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Pelvic cavity portion contains |
Rectum Urinary bladder Part of the reproductive system |
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What are the four quadrants |
Right upper quadrant RUQ right lower quadrant RLQ left upper quadrant LUQ left lower quadrant LLQ |
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Abdomen is divided into how many regions |
Nine |
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Physiology |
Study of the function of the body organs |
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Superior regions contain |
Right hypochondrium epigastrium Left hypochondrium |
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Middle regions |
Right lateral umbilical left lateral |
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Inferior regions |
Right inguinal Hypogastrium Left inguinal |
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Body habitus |
Defined as the common variations in the shape of the human body |
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Why is body habitus important in radiography |
Because habitus determines size, shape,and position of organs in the thoracic and abdominal cavities |
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What organs are affected by body habitus |
Heart lungs diaphragm stomach Collon gallbladder |
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What are the four major types of body habitus |
Sthenic Anthemic hyposthenic Hypersthenic |
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Hypersthenic 5% |
Lungs are short and wide diaphragm very high stomach high |
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Sthenic 50% |
Lungs will be moderate length |
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Osteology |
Study of the bones |
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Hyposthenic 35% |
Organs and characteristics are intermediate between sthenic and asthenic |
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Asthenic 10% |
Longest lungs stomach is the lowest |
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How many bones are in the body |
206 |
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What two groups are the bones divided in |
Axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton |
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Axial skeleton has how many bones |
80 and it supports and protects the head and trunk |
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How many bones does appendicular skeleton have |
126 and it provides a means for movement, so your extremities |
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Compact bone |
Strong dense outer layer of compact boney tissue |
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Spongy bone |
Inner less dense layer contains network called Trabuculae |
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TRABECULAE is filled with what |
Red and yellow marrow |
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Red marrow produces |
Produces red and white blood cells |
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There are four fundamental Planes |
Sagittal coronal horizontal oblique |
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Yellow marrow |
Stores fat cells |
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Medullary cavity |
Central cavity of long bones |
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Endosteum |
Lines the marrow cavity and lines medullary cavity |
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Periosteum |
Tough fibrous connective tissue that covers bone, except the articular ends |
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Ossification |
Term that applies to the development and formation of bones |
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Two processes of ossification |
Intermembranous
Endochondral |
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Epiphyseal plate |
Piece of Cartlidge that separates the end of the developing long bone from the central shaft |
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When does full ossification occur |
Near the age of 21 |
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How are bones classified |
Shape; Long short flat irregular sesamoid |
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Where are long bones found |
Limbs |
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Mid sagittal plane MSP |
Specific sagittal plane that passes through midline and divides body into equal right and left halves |
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What Are short bones |
Many cancellous bones with thin outer layer of compact bone Ex carpal bones |
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Flat bones |
They consist of two plates of compact bones
ex sternum and cranium |
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Irregular bones |
Peculiarly shaped
ex vertebrae and facial bones |
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Sesamoid bones |
Very small and oval they develop inside and beside tendons
ex largest is the patella |
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Anthrology |
Study of joints or articulations between bones |
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What are the three subdivisions of mobility of joints |
Synarthroses- immovable Amphiaryhoroses- slightly moveable Diarthroses- freely moveable |
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Three distinct groups are based on connected tissues |
•Connective tissue •Fibrous cartilaginous •Synovial- contains joints that are freely movable |
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How many specific types of joints fall in the three broad categories, fibrous cartilaginous and synovial |
11 specific types of joints fall with in the 3 categories |
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How many types of fibrous joints are there |
Three; •Sydesmosis- immovable or slightly movable ex inferior tibiofibular joint • suture – immovable joint only in the skull •gomphosis-immovable joints only in the roots of the teeth
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What are the six types of synovial joint's |
Gliding hinge Pivot Ellipsoid Saddle ball and socket |
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Sagittal planes pass through the body |
Parallel with the mid sagittal plane |
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Meniscus |
Thick cushioning pad of fibrocartilage |
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Bursae Only saddle joint in the body |
Synovial fluid filled sac outside the main joint cavity |
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How many saddle joints are in the body and what is it called |
One, in the hand, carpometacarpal joint between trapezium and first metacarpal |
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Malleolus |
Club shape process on a bone |
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Tubercle |
Small rounded elevated process |
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Tuberosity |
Large rounded elevated process
part of bone we're muscle and tendons attach |
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Foreman |
Hole in bone for transmission of blood vessels |
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View |
Used to describe the body part seen by IR |
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Coronal plane is Passthrough the body |
Vertically from side to side, dividing the body into anterior and posterior parts |
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Method |
Refers to a specific radiographic projection developed by an individual |
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Projection |
Defined as the path of the CR as it exits the x-ray tube passing through the patient to the IR |
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Position |
Term used to describe the active placing a patient in appropriate position for a radiographic examination |
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Trendelenburg position |
Head Lower than feet |
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Fowlers position |
Supine with head elevated |
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Sims position |
Recovering it with patient lying on left anterior side with legs extended and right knee and thigh particularly flexed
Ex this is how they do enemas |
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Tangential |
CR directed along the outer margin of a curve body surface |
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How are oblique positions named |
Named according to the side and surface of the body closer to the table or IR |
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Mid coronal plane MCP also called mid axillary plane |
Specific plane that passes through the midline and divides the body into equal anterior and posterior halves |
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Horizontal plains pass through the body |
Crosswise at right angles to the longitudinal axis
Position that right angle to sagittal and coronal
Also divides body into superior and inferior position |
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To specialize planes that are located to specific parts of the body are |
Interiliac
Occlusal |
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