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16 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Research Strategies |
-Descriptive (seeking questions) -Experimental (seeking answers) |
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Survey |
-Designed to investigate opinions, behaviors, orcharacteristics of a particular group. -Usually in self‐report form. |
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Samples and Sampling I. |
-Population –Large (potentially infinite) group represented bythe sample. -Findings are generalized to this group. -Sample – Selected segment of the population |
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Samples and Sampling II. |
-Representative sample –Closely parallels the population on relevantcharacteristics -Random sample –Each member of population has equal chance ofselection -Stratified sample – Subgroups are represented proportionally |
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Correlational Study |
-Examine the relationship between categories -Correlation reveals relationships among facts -Correlation cannot prove causation -May be an unmeasured common factor |
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Correlation Coefficient (r) |
-Numerical indication of magnitude anddirection of the relationship between twovariables –Positive correlation—two variables varysystematically in the SAME direction –Negative correlation—two variables varysystematically in OPPOSITE directions |
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Correlation Coefficient (r) #2 |
Ranges from –1.00 to +1.00.• Closer to 1.00 or ‐1.00, the stronger therelationship between the variables. |
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Experiments |
-Direct way to test a hypothesis about a cause‐effect relationship between factors/variables |
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Independent Variable (IV) |
-The controlled factor in an experiment (i.e.the one you manipulate) -Must have at least two levels –Categories –Numeric |
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Dependent Variable (DV) |
-The measured facts -Hypothesized to be influenced by IV |
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Confounding Variable |
-Or extraneous variable –Variable other than the ones being studied |
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Random Assignment |
-Every participant in the study should have anequal chance of being placed in either theexperimental or control group -Randomization helps avoid false results |
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Sources of Bias |
-Participant – Placebo effects -Researcher -Experimenter effect -Subtle cues or signals by the researcher that type ofresponses that are expected |
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Control of Bias |
-Participant –Placebo group/ Single‐blind study -Exposed to a fake IV (placebo), the effects of which arecompared to group receiving the actual IV -Researcher –Double‐blind study -Technique in which neither the experimenter norparticipant is |
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Quasiexperimental Designs |
-Unable to randomly assign participants to theexperimental and control groups -For example, if age is the variable of interest. |
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Limitations of ExperimentalDesigns |
-Ecological validity -Ethical concern |
