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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the acronym used to find the shape of molecules? |
C.O.D/M.DF Where: C = Covalence number of each element O = Order them into parent/daughter atoms D = Draw a rough structure M = Minus the number of used bonds to the covalence of the central atom and divide by 2 to get the number of unbonded pairs. DF = Draw the final diagram using rules of 2010100 and 2443364 |
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How do you determine if an oxide is acidic or basic? |
An oxide is acidic if it is a reaction between two non-metals. It is basic with a reaction between an metal and a non-metal. |
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Acidic oxide + ________ --> ion + water |
Hydroxide |
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Acidic oxide + ________ --> acid |
Water |
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What are the ions and corresponding acids of the following acidic oxides? P4O10 SO2 SO3 CO2 SiO2 |
PO43- and H3PO4 SO32- and H2SO3 SO42- and H2SO4 CO32- and H2CO3 SiO32- and no reaction |
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Hydrogen bonding exists between what things? |
N---F O---H H---N These have high boiling points and require great amounts of energy to break them. Not as much as covalent bonds however. |
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Determine the following in terms of boiling points: 1) Dispersion alone 2) Dipole-dipole + dispersion |
1) Low boiling point 2) Higher boiling point. |
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Hydrogen bonding with OH is stronger than with what? |
NH |
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What is the photosynthesis equation and what is its reverse? |
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Nitrogen exists in the atmosphere as what? |
N2 (Where N is tripled bonded). |
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How can the bonds in atmospheric nitrogen be broken? |
By using natural nitrogen fixation due to lightning or forest fires or other high temperature situations. Then: |
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How is nitrogen absorbed by the soil? |
Through rain by nitrate ions. |
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What is the Haber process? |
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How is nitrogen converted to create nitrates? |
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What is the purpose of nitrogen and phosphorous in the soil? |
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What is the greenhouse effect? |
Solar radiation from the sun is emitted with wavelengths in the infra-red, visible and ultraviolet range. Less than half of the sun's radiation actually reaches the Earth's lower atmosphere. The rest is reflected or absorbed by the upper atmosphere. The infra-red radiation is then given off by the Earth and both carbon dioxide and water vapour absorb this, heating the atmosphere. |
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What are three greenhouse gases and how are they produced? |
1) Carbon dioxide: created by burning of fossil fuels by human transport, power production etc. 2) Methane: created by anaerobic breakdown of plant material and from cattle growing. 3) Nitrous oxide: created by the reduction of nitrates by microbes. Also used in nitrogenous fertilisers in agriculture, leading to polluted waterways etc. |
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What consequences to the environment exist because of the enhanced greenhouse effect? |
Contraction of ice. Warming of ocean and hence rising sea levels. Thawing of permafrost which releases more methane into the atmosphere which in turn creates more consequences. Changing rainfall and ocean circulation patterns. |
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Why is rain naturally acidic? |
Due to the abundance of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. This abundance can also decrease he pH of rain, another consequence of the enhanced greenhouse effect. |
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How is the pH/concentration found of the hydronium ion? |
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How is acid rain created? (Excluding carbon dioxide and water). |
Through nitrogen and sulfur oxides. When fuels are burnt at high temperatures, the oxides of nitrogen are used. Sulfur dioxide is formed through burning fossil fuels as well as roasting sulfide ores. |
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Why is acid rain dangerous? (2 points) |
1) Low pH in soils speeds up the loss (leaching) of essential ions from the soil and mobilises toxic ions. This will kill plants. 2) Mobilised metal ions can make their way into waterways and can harm humans. |
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Why does acid rain do to structures? (Part 1) |
Acid rain also corrodes steel and aluminium, slowly dissolving it away. (Image). |
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Why does acid rain do to structures? (Part 2) |
Limestone and marble buildings react with sulfuric acid and nitric acids in rain. (Image). The calcium sulfate is slightly soluble in water which will dissolve into cracks of cement. Then the cracks in the concrete will separate. |
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How do you calculate the pH of a strong acid and a strong base with given concentrations? |
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What is photochemical smog? |
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Why are catalytic converters used and what purpose do they serve? |
The role of a catalytic converter is to remove primary pollutants and make them into CO2, H2O and N2. They are used with catalysts of platinum, palladium and rhodium. |
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How do catalytic converters work and what factors increase their efficiency? |
Efficiency is controlled by: 1) The temperature inside the converter. 2) The oxygen concentration in the exhaust gas. 3) The air to fuel ratio entering the combustion chamber. |
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How does one remove suspended matter from water? |
Aluminium ions are added to water containing suspended particles as a means of achieving flocculation. Al3+ + 3H20 <-> Al(OH)3 + 3H+ Aluminium is highly charged and will neutralise the surface charge of suspended particles and reduces the repulsive force between them, allowing them to come together to be removed. This reaction is controllable and the floc can be removed using filtration or can be removed as a sediment. |
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How is water cleaned of bacteria? |
Chlorine is used to kill disease carrying bacteria. To remove the chlorine, the solution is made more basic to shift the equilibrium right. This in turn allows for more hypochlorite and hypochlorous acid to remove bacteria. |
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What is the sub shell notation and what are the exceptions? |
1s– 2s – 2p – 3s – 3p – 4s – 3d – 4p – 5s – 4d – 5p S: Max of 2 P: Max of 6 Excepts to rule are Cu and Cr: Cu: 1s2-2s2-2p6-3s2-3p6-4s1-3d10 Cr: 1s2-2s2-2p6-3s2-3p6-4s1-3d5 If in ion form, subtract or add to total electrons. (e.g. Ca2+, minus two electrons from Ca and draw the notation). |
