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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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control group
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The group that contains subjects were not exposed to the independent variable
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Correlation
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A relationship that exists in two variables are associated more frequently than can be affected by chance
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Sociology
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The systematic study of human society and social interaction
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Low-income countries
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Nations with little industrialization and low levels of national and personal income
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Sociological imagination
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C. Wright Mills' term for the ability to see the relationship between individuals and experiences in the larger society
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Society
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A large social grouping that shares the same geographical territory and subject to the same political authority and dominant cultural expectations
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Middle-income countries
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Nations with industrializing economies particularly in urban areas and moderate levels with national and personal incomes
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High-income countries
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Nations with highly industrialized economies technologically advanced industrial administrative and service occupations and relatively high levels of national and personal incomes
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Industrialization
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The process by which societies are transformed from dependence on agriculture and handmade products to the emphasis on manufacturing and related industries
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urbanization
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The process by which an increasing proportion of the population lives in cities rather than rural areas
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Positivism
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the term for describing Aguste Comte's belief that the world can be best understood through scientific inquiry
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Social Darwinism
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Herbert Spencer's belief that the species of animals including human beings best adapted to their environment survive and prosper where those poorly adapted die out
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Only the strong survive
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Social facts
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Emile Durkheim term for patterned ways of acting thinking and feeling that exist outside any one individual but that exert social control over each person
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Anomie
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Emile Durkheim designation for a condition in which social control becomes ineffective as a result of the loss of shared values and of the sense of purpose in society
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Theory
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A set of logically interrelated statements that attempts to describe explain and occasionslly predict social events
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Functionalist perspective
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the sociological approach that views society as stable orderly system
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Manifest functions
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Functions that are intended and/or overtly recognized by participants in a social unit
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Latent functions
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Unintended functions that are hidden and remain unacknowledged by participants
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Conflict perspective
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The sociological approach that view in society as engaged in a continuous power struggle for control of scarce resources
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Macro level analysis
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An approach that examines whole societies, large-scale social structures, and social systems instead of looking at important social dynamics in individual's lives
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Micro level analysis
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An approach that focuses on small groups rather than large-scale social structures
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Symbolic interactionist perspective
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The sociological approach that views society as a sum of interactions between individuals and groups
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Postmodern perspective
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The sociological approach that attempts to explain social life in modern societies that are characterized by post-industrialization, consumerism, and global communication
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Quantitative research
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Sociological research methods that are based on the goal of scientific objectivity and the focus on data that can be measured numerically
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Qualitative research
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Sociological research methods that use interpretive description (words) rather than statistics (numbers) to analyze underlying meanings and patterns of social relationships
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Hypothesis
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A statement of the expected relationship between two or more variables
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Variable
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Any concept with measurable traits are characteristics that can change or vary from one person, time situation, or society to another
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independent variable
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In an experiment the variable assumed to be the cause of the relationship between variables
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Dependent variable
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In an experiment the variable assumed to be the cause by the independent variables
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Validity
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The extent to which a study or research instrument accuratley measures what it's supposed to measure
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Reliability
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The extent to which a study or research instrument yields consistent results when applied to different individuals at one time or to the same individual over time
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Research methods
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Specific strategies or techniques for systematically conducting research
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Survey
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A poll in which the researcher gathers facts or attempts to determine the relationship among facts
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Interview
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A data collection encounter in which an interviewer asked the respondent questions and record the answers
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Secondary analysis
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A research method in which Researchers use existing material and analyze data that were originally collected by others
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Content analysis
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The systematic examination of cultural artifacts or various forms of communication to extract thematic data and draw conclusions about social life
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Participants observation
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A research method in which Researchers collect data while being part of the activities of the group being studied
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Ethnography
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A detailed study of the life and activities of a group of people by researchers who may live with that group over a period of years
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Experiment
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A carefully designed situation in which the researcher studies the impact of certain variables on subjects attitudes or behaviors
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Experimental group
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The group that contains subjects who were exposed to the independent variable (the experimental condition) to study its effects on them
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