Chapter 1-4

Front 1

anomie

Back 1

disruption in the rules and understandings that guide and integrate social life and give individuals a sense of their place in it

Front 2

bourgeoisie

Back 2

the social class ina capitalist industrialized society that owns and contrals the means of production

Front 3

capitalists

Back 3

members of the bourgeoisie. Capial is property taht can be used to produce further wealth

Front 4

class consciousness

Back 4

a sense of shared interests and problems amoung members of a social class

Front 5

culture

Back 5

the shared, more or less integrated way of thinking, understanding, evaluatiin, and connunication that make up a poeople's way of life

Front 6

data

Back 6

in science, information that is specifically relevant to the questions being asked

Front 7

double consciousness

Back 7

a mismatch between one's image of oneself and the indentity ascribed to one by society

Front 8

empirical observation

Back 8

the organization of sensory information into scientific data by process of abstraction, interpretation,and replication

Front 9

function

Back 9

teh contribution a social relationship, position, organization, value,or other phenomenon makes to a lager social whole

Front 10

fuctional integration

Back 10

the degree to which the different papers of a cocial system are so closely interrelated that hat heppens in one affects the others and is influenced by them in turn

Front 11

local analysis

Back 11

the development of theory be identifying disnct units af analysis and relationships among them

Front 12

mechanical solidarity

Back 12

solidarity that is based on cammon beliges, values, and customs

Front 13

organic solidarity

Back 13

interependence among a group of people that is based on an intricate division of labor

Front 14

power

Back 14

the ability of a social actor to determine the shape of the events ot the structure of social organization

Front 15

proletariat

Back 15

the members of a capitalist industrialized society who have no control over th emeans of prodruction

Front 16

science

Back 16

a systematic way of abserving nature, interpreting waht we see objectively, searching for relationships of cause and effect, and orgacizing knowledge through theory

Front 17

social action

Back 17

behavior that is intentioanl, not idstinctive; depends on cocial conditions created by others; and affects other social actors

Front 18

social facts

Back 18

enduring prperties of social lige that shepe or constrain the cations individuals can take

Front 19

social soliderity

Back 19

the condition that reults when inderlying social forces bind people together

Front 20

social structure

Back 20

relatively stable, enduring patterns of social relationships, or social positionsm and of numbers of people' petterns over which individuals have little control

Front 21

sociological imagination

Back 21

a way of looking at our personal experiences in the context of what is heppeing in the world and perceiving broader social patterns that are not apparent through peroanl experience alone

Front 22

sociology

Back 22

the study of himan society, including both social actiona dn the organization of social relationships

Front 23

status groups

Back 23

groups beased n reace, religion, personal tastes, and onter noeconomic factors, which help establich a social hierarchy

Front 24

symbolic ineractionism

Back 24

an approach to human behavior as consructed in teraction and interpreted through culture, stressing the collective attribution of meaning to social life

Front 25

theory

Back 25

a systematic attempt to explain how two or more phenomena are related

Front 26

Verstehen

Back 26

Weber's tem for an empathetic inderstanding of what people are thinking and feeling

Front 27

altruistic suicide

Back 27

Durkhiem's term for suicide that results form extreme commitment to a proup or community

Front 28

anomic suicide

Back 28

Durkhiem's term for suicide that results from a condition of social normlessness known as anomie

Front 29

content analysis

Back 29

a research method that provides that provides a way to systematically organize and summarize both the monifast and latent content of communication

Front 30

correlation

Back 30

a regularly occuring relationship between variables

Front 31

correlation coefficient

Back 31

a deciaml number between zero and one that is used to indicate the strength of a correlation

Front 32

cross-cultural research

Back 32

studies that describe social petterns in societies other than the reasearchers' own

Front 33

data

Back 33

facts, statistics, study results, and other pieces of abservable information that are collected and used to construst theories

Front 34

dependent variable

Back 34

in an experimant, the quality or factor that is affected by one or more independent variables

Front 35

egoistic suicide

Back 35

Durkeim's term for suicide that results form social isolation and individualism

Front 36

ethnographies

Back 36

studies in which researchers observe people in

Front 37

experiment

Back 37

a research method in which subjects are exposed to a specially designed situation taht allows the researchers to control the factors taht may affect the hypothetical cause-and-effect relationships among the varibles they are studying

Front 38

falalistic sucide

Back 38

the taking of oe's own life to avoid what seems to be an inevitably bleak future if goes on living

Front 39

globalization

Back 39

the process by which the peoples of the world are being drawn into closer relationship with one another

Front 40

historical studies

Back 40

sociological research on past events, previous ways of life, or patterns change over time

Front 41

hypothesis

Back 41

a tentative statement that predicts how two or more varibles affect, or are related to, one another

Front 42

independent variable

Back 42

in an experimant. the quality or factor that affects one ot more dependent varibles

Front 43

indicator

Back 43

soemthing that can be cleatly measured as an approximation of some other, more comlex varible

Front 44

interview

Back 44

a conversation in which a researcher asks a series of questions or discusses a topic with another person

Front 45

mean

Back 45

the average; obtained by adding all figures in a series of data and dividing the sum by the number of items

Front 46

median

Back 46

the number that falls in the middle of a sequence of figures

Front 47

methodology

Back 47

the procedures that guide research

Front 48

mode

Back 48

the figure that occurs most often in a series of data

Front 49

operational deginition

Back 49

the set of clearly measurable indicator that will represent one tfo the veriable in an analysis

Front 50

population

Back 50

in a survey, the total number of people who share a characterstic that is being studied

Front 51

qualitative research

Back 51

reseach that depends primarily on verbal descriptions, firsthand observatios, ot pictures to study particular cases in depth

Front 52

quantitative research

Back 52

research that reles on statistical analyses of data

Front 53

random sample

Back 53

in a survey, a method ised to draw a sample in such a way that every memer of the population being studied has an equal chance of being selected

Front 54

relability

Back 54

the degree to which a study yields the same reults when repeated b the orginal or other researchers

Front 55

sample

Back 55

a limited number of people selected from the population being studied who are represenative of that population

Front 56

secondary analysis

Back 56

research that reanalyzes data drawn from previous research projects

Front 57

spurious correlation

Back 57

a correlation between two or more variables that has no meaningful causal point

Front 58

standard deviation

Back 58

a statistical measurement of how fat other recorded instances fall from the mean or other central point

Front 59

survey

Back 59

a research method using questionaires or interviews, or both, to learn how people think, feel, or act

Front 60

validity

Back 60

the degree to which a scientific study measures what it attempts to measure

Front 61

variable

Back 61

any factor that is capable of change