Chapter 1

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anthropology

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The study of humankind in all times and places

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holistic perspective

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a fundamental principle of anthropology: that the various parts of human culture and biology must be viewed in the broadest possible context in order to understand their interconnections and interdependence

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ethnocentrism

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the belief that the ways of one's own culture are the only proper ones

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culture-bound

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looking at the worlds and reality based on the assumptions and values of one's own culture

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applied anthropology

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the use of anthropological knowledge and methods to solve practical problems, often for a specific client

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medical anthropology

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a specialization in anthropology that combines theoretical and applied approaches form cultural biological anthropology with the study of human health and disease.

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physical anthropology

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the systematic study of humans as biological organisms; also known as anthropology

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molecular anthropology

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a branch of bilogical anthropology that uses genetic and biochemical techniques to test hypotheses about human evolution, adaptation, and variation

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paleoanthropology

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the sudy of the orgins and predecessors of the present human species; the study of human evolution

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biocultural

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focusing on the interaction of biology and culture

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primatology

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the study of living fossil primates

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forensic anthropology

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applied subfield of physical anthropology that specializes in the identification of human skeletal remains for legal purposes

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cultural anthropology

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also known as social or sociocultural anthropology. The study of customary patterns in human behavior, thought, and feelings. It focuses on humans as culture-producing and culture-reproducing creatures

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culture

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a society's shared and socially transmitted ideas, values, and perceptions, which are used to make sense of experience and generate behavior and are reflected in that behavior.

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ethnography

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a detailed description of a particular culture primarily based on fieldwork

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fieldwork

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the term anthropologists use for on-location research

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participant observation

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in ethnography, the technique of learning a people's culture through social participation and personal observation within the community being studied, as well as interviews and discussion with individual members of the group over an extended period of time

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ethnology

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the study and analysis of different cultures from a comparative or historical point of view, utilizing ethnographic accounts and developing anthropological theories that help explain why certain important differences or similarities occur among groups

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linguistic anthropology

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the study of human languages- looking at their structure, history, and relation to social and cultural contexts

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discourse

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an extended communication on a particular subject

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archaeology

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the study of human cultures through the recovery and analysis of material remains and environmental data.

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bioarchaeology

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the archaeological study of human remains, emphasizing the preservation of cultural and social processes in the skeleton

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cultural resource management

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a branch of archaeology tied to government policies for the protection of cultural resources and involving surveying and/or excavating archaeological and historical remains threatened by construction or development.

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empirical

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based on observations of the world rather than on intuition or faith

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hypothesis

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a tentative explanation of the relationships between certain phenomena

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theory

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in science, an explanation of natural phenomena, supported by a reliable body of data

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doctrine

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an assertion of opinion or belief formally handed down by an authority as true and indisputable

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informed consent

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formal recorded agreement to participate in research; federally mandated from all research in the United States and Europe

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globalization

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worldwide interconnectedness, evidenced in global movements of natural resources, trade goods, human labor, finance capital, information, and infectious diseases