Chapter 1-2 Key Terms

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Incas

Back 1

The Incas, in Peru, developed a complex political system and had a network of paved roads to connect their tribes, total population of possibly 6 million people, under a single rule.

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Mayas

Back 2

The Mayas, located in Central America and on the Yucatan peninsula of Mexico, had a sophisticated culture with their written culture, numerical system, accurate calendar, and advanced agricultural system.

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Aztecs

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- The Aztecs would then establish a rule over central and southern Mexico and build advanced administrative, educational, and medical systems. Their society was agricultural based and also headed by elites followed by warriors. The Aztecs built their capital in Tenochtitlan where they had lavish buildings and temples.

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Mobile Societies (Native Americans)

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Agricultural societies that use slash-and-burn technique in the 12th - 14th centuries.The usage of exhausted land and settlement for agricultural farming and discover new land.

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Agriculture (Natives)

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An agricultural revolution in the 12th - 14th centuries. There was a significant population growth, introduction to more resources, and more strong beliefs in their goals of nature.

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Prince Henry the Navigator

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Prince Henry the Navigator of Portugal had an interest in exploring the western coast of Africa to build a Christian empire and find gold. His explorers reached Cape Verde. Bartholomeu Dias reached the Southern tip of Africa in 1486. Vasco de Gama was able to get past the tip and reach India in 1497-1498. Pedro Cabral was next to sail to India, but landed in Brazil after being blown off course

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Christopher Columbus

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• Planned westward travel to Asia
• Queen Isabella of Spain supported Columbus
• First Voyage: landed in Bahamas (thought to be Japan) and Cuba (thought to be China)
• He brought captured natives he called Indians (thought to be from West Indies)
• 3rd voyage: reached S. Amer. and found it to be large body of land, not island off China

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Ferdinand Magellan

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Magellan found the southern end of South America and reached the Philippines. Magellan later died in the Philippines, but his expedition was the first to circumnavigate the world (1519-1522).

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The Conquistadores

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Spanish soldiers, explorers, and adventurers who brought much of the Americas under the control of Spain from the 15th through 19th century. There was an extended Spanish rule over much of South America.

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Hernán Cortés

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Cortés was part of the generation of Spanish colonizers that began the first phase of the Spanish colonization of the Americas in the early 16th century. He led an expedition that caused the fall of the Aztec Empire and brought large portions of mainland Mexico under the rule of the King of Castile

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Francisco Pizarro

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A Spanish conquistador. He accompanied Vasco Núñez de Balboa in his crossing of the Isthmus of Panama and they became the first Europeans to view the Pacific coast of the New World during the 16th century. He conquered the Incan Empire and founder of Lima, the modern-day capital of Peru.

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Ordinance of Discovery (Aztecs)

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New spainsh laws banish the most brutal military conquests in the 1570s. It made the Spanish more wealthier with the abundance of gold and silver. Presence more known in America with colonization

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Catholic Missions (Natives)

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- Spain required for Catholicism to be the only religion in the new territories, leading to Spanish settlements to be highly religious. Mission settlements became common and were interested in converting natives to Catholicism. For protection from hostile natives, mission settlements had military garrisons and also had military bases built near. The Europeans became motivated to spread missionaries while they were colonizing from South America to the South and Southwest of present day United States.

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St Augustine 1565

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The Spanish fort St. Augustine became the first permanent European in present-day United States. It was used as a military outpost, an administrative center for Franciscan missionaries, and a headquarters for unsuccessful campaigns among North American natives that were ultimately abandoned.

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Encomiendas

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Were licenses to exact labor and tribute from the natives in specific areas. the Spanish government established a series of rights and obligations between the encomendero (grantee) and the people under his care. The indigenous people were required to provide tribute and free labor to the encomendero , who was responsible for their welfare, their assimilation into Spanish culture, and their Christianization. Political and social stratification among the encomenderos was easily achieved by the simple fact that there were communities of different sizes.

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Mestizos

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Mestizos, or mixed race, dominated the colonies. A person born of mother or father of different race, especially the white man or woman and indigenous, or indigenous and white women. On the social ladder, mestizos occupied a middle rung below pure bloods, but above Indians, free blacks, and slaves.

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John Cabot

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An Italian navigator and explorer in the late 15th century. Had the first European voyage to North America since Norse exploration of the Americas in the early eleventh century.

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Richard Hakluyt

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an English writer of the 16th century - early 17th century. Principally remembered for his efforts in promoting and supporting the settlement of North America by the English through his works. He was the chief promoter of a petition to James I for letters patent to colonize Virginia, which were granted to the London Company and Plymouth Company (referred to collectively as the Virginia Company) in 1606.

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Doctrine of Predestination

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Created in the 16th century. Deals with the question of the control God exercises over the world. Refers to the belief that God appointed the eternal destiny of some to salvation by grace, while leaving the remainder to receive eternal damnation for all their sins, even their original sin.

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John Calvin

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An influential French theologian and pastor during the Protestant Reformation (16th century). He was a principal figure in the development of the system of Christian theology later called Calvinism

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Sir Edmund Andros

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Was an early colonial English governor in North America, and head of the short-lived Dominion of New England from the 17th to early 18th century. He forbid town meetings, all land titles were revoked, set restrictions on the courts, the press, and schools, he taxed people without their consent, he enforced the navigation laws and suppressed smuggling.

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Puritan Separtists

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Puritans in the late 16th century that took radical positions and determined to worship in their own independent congregations. They showed the religious freedom the Puritans craved and more rights for women.

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Elizabeth I

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16th century - Was the Queen regnant of England and Queen regnant of Ireland. Elizabeth was the fifth and last monarch of the Tudor dynasty. She supported the establishment of an English Protestant church. This Elizabethan Religious Settlement held firm throughout her reign and later evolved into today's Church of England.

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Coureurs de Bois

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Along with the French Jesuit missionaries, coureurs de bois, or fur traders and trappers, were the first to penetrate those ties and make contact with the Indian societies, which helped develop trade and the economy. The coureurs de bois were able to expand their territory and relations with Indian societies. This was an advantage in the contest to control North America.

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New Amsterdam

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Principal town of New Netherlands in the 17th century that brought diverse immigrants to the Americas.

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West India Company

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A company made by the Dutch in the early 17th century. It established a series of permanent trading posts on the Hudson and Connecticut River, transported whole families to the New World, and creation of New Netherlands.

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Sir Walter Raleigh

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Sir Humphrey Gilbert and Sir Walter Raleigh were the pioneers of English colonization with the help of Queen Elizabeth I. In 1683, Gilbert led an expedition to Newfoundland, where he claimed the land, but later got lost at sea after trying to find a military outpost. Raleigh was given permission by Elizabeth to colonize an island, known to Indians as Roanoke, and the mainland past it which was present day North Carolina. Elizabeth did not give Raleigh financial support. In 1585, Raleigh, along with his cousin Sir Richard Grenville, reached Roanoke, but were pushed off the island by the natives. In a second effort to colonize the island, Raleigh brought men, women, and children in hopes to make a “plantation.”

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Roanoke

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Raleigh was given permission by Elizabeth to colonize an island, known to Indians as Roanoke, and the mainland past it which was present day North Carolina. John White, a commander of the expedition, left the island, but months later, he returned to see the island deserted. The “Lost Colony” disaster in Roanoke ended Raleigh’s involvement in the colonization of the New World

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James I

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King of Scots as James VI, and King of England and Ireland as James I during the 17th century. He succeeded the last Tudor monarch of England and Ireland. Authorized King James Version, an English translation of the Christian Holy Bible

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Jamestown

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• Jamestown is located on a peninsula extending from the river’s northern bank
• They selected the location because they thought it would be an easy defendable location
• Jamestown was hot, swampy, and outbreaks of malaria
• By January 1608, when ships appeared with additional men and supplies, all but 38 of the first 104 colonists were dead
• Jamestown, now facing extinction, survived the crisis largely because of the efforts of Cpt. John Smith

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John Smith

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John Smith was an English explorer who was one of the founders of Jamestown, Virginia.
In April of 1607, Smith and other explorers landed in Virginia and established Jamestown. He was leader of the colony.

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Lord De La Warr

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Was the Englishman, during the early 17th century, after whom the bay, the river, and, consequently, an American Indian people and U.S. state, all later called "Delaware", were named.

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Tobacco

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Demand for tobacco was enormous in 1612 and it quickly spread; because growing tobacco killed the soil the demand for land also increased as the demand of tobacco did.

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Virginia Company

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A company that ran the colonies during the 16th century. Used the headright system to help fund the Virginia colony.

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The Headright System

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In 1618, the headright system was introduced in Virginia to solve the labor shortage. Each headright was 50 acres. The colonists already in Virginia were given 2 headrights. New settlers who bought their way to get to the Americas were given 1 headright upon landing.

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Powhatans

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The name of a Virginia Indian tribe that existed during the early 16th to late 17th century. It is also the name of a powerful group of tribes which they dominated. They made some devastating attacks of the colonists but the failures ceased challenges of the colonists.

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Maryland / Calverts

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The Calverts envisioned establishing a colony both as a great speculative venture in real estate and as a retreat for English Catholics, many of whom felt oppressed by the Anglican establishment at home. The Calverts founded Maryland in the 17th century.

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Proprietary Rule

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Grants of land or license to rule used by the crown to repay a debt and proprietaries run the province their way during the 17th century.

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Toleration Act of 1648

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A policy in 1648 that assured the freedom of worship to all Christians but didn't stop the conflicts between the Protestants and Catholic.

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Bacon's Rebellion

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An uprising in 1676 in the Virginia Colony that was led by Nathaniel Bacon; a wealthy planter
It was the first Rebellion in the American Colonies and was a protest against Native American raids on their land

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Plymouth Plantation

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• Illegal to leave England without the consent of the king
• Congregation of Separatists from the hamlet of Scrooby began emigrating secretly
• Plymouth laid outside the London Company’s territory and the settlers realized they had no legal basis for settling there

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Mayflower Compact

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The Mayflower Compact is a written agreement composed by a consensus of the new Settlers arriving at New Plymouth in November of 1620. 31 signed the Mayflower Compact – Establish a civil government and proclaimed their allegiance to the king

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William Bradford

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- Governor of the Plymouth Plantation
- 1621 persuaded the Council for New England to give them legal permission to live there

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Colonial Currency

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A seal created in 1690 by the Massachusetts Bay Company to validate the paper for financial transaction. It helped for easier financial transactions and covered for sliver when sliver shortages were occurring.

Front 45

John Winthrop

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- Governor
- University-educated
- Organized migration
Commanded the expedition that sailed for New England in 1630. He granted the largest single migration of its kind in the 17th century

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Theocratic Society

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The government in the 17th century supported the church while the church dictates the government. It helped dissidents leave the society, making religion stronger, and deeply reflected the Puritans beliefs in religion.

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Roger Williams

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He began the colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations in the 1630s. His colony provided a refuge for religious minorities. The first American proponent of religious freedom and the separation of church and state.

Front 48

Anne Hutchinson

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She went beyond Bible study to proclaim her own theological interpretations of sermons, some, such as antinomianism, offended the colony leadership. in the 17th century. She is a key figure in the study of the development of religious freedom in England's American colonies and the history of women in ministry. The State of Massachusetts honors her with a State House monument calling her a "courageous exponent of civil liberty and religious toleration."

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The Narragansetts

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Helped the English win the Pequot War in the 17th century and almost wipe out the Pequot tribe.

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English Civil War

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The conflict in the 1630s between the Cavaliers(king's side) and the Roundheads(Parliament's side). Led to the beheading of King Charles the first and new proprietary colonies(Carolina, New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania)

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Middle Colonies

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The colonies between Europe and native tribes. In the 16th century, a beneficial relationships was created with its natives leading to peace and provided grain north and south

Front 52

King Phillips War

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A war between the colonists and Metacom's tribe during the late mid-17th century. Native families were destroyed. Families were sent into exile/slavery.

Front 53

Quakers

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The movement of Quakers were a way to shake the Lord in England, where they had experienced opposition and persecution. The first Quakers to arrive in Massachusetts came in July of 1656. The founding of Pennsylvania, by William Penn, was to establish a safe place for the Quakers to live and practice their faith.

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Joint Stock Company

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A type of corporation or partnership started in the early 1600s. It involves two or more legal persons for profit. Helped create modern day corporations.

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William Penn

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An English real estate entrepreneur, philosopher, and founder and "absolute proprietor" of the Province of Pennsylvania during the late 17th century and early 1700s. Notable for his good relations and successful treaties with the Lenape Indians. Under his direction, the city of Philadelphia was planned and developed.

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Chaco Canyon

Back 56

the Anasazi built dramatic adobe dwellings, or pueblos in 900-1150. Chaco Canyon was the center of Anasazi civilization, its many large pueblos probably serving as administrative and ceremonial centers for a widespread population. It was a major center of culture for the Ancient Pueblo Peoples.

Front 57

Charter of Liberties

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A charter signed, in the late 17th - early 18th century, forcefully by William Penn that established a representative assembly for Quaker colonies.

Front 58

Woodland Indians

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These were culturally and technically advanced tribes who began permanently inhabiting villages. They were hunters, trappers, fishermen, and planters from around 1000 B.C. to 1000 C.E. They helped form the first peaceful nation among the Native American peoples. Woodland Indians are noted for the cultivation of crops in the fertile valleys of North Georgia, had the greatest food resources than in any region.

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Black Codes

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Laws passed on the state and local level in the United States in the 1660s, but mostly in the south, to limit the basic human rights and civil liberties of African Americans. Examples: Slaves couldn't be literate or bear weaponry. Forced to convert to Christianity. No political rights.

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Holy Experiment

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William Penn's experiment in the 1680s that allowed religious freedom in Philadelphia and led to no major conflict from the natives.

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California in 1760's

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First settled by the sSanish as one of their colonies in the 1760's. They soon lost it to the Americans as they where expanding. Gold was found in the colonies and started the gold rush.

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Mercantilism

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An economic theory that says the prosperity of a nation is dependent upon its supply of capital. Wealth and monetary assets are said to be identical. The theory was the dominant school of thought in Europe from the Renaissance to the early modern period.

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James Oglethorpe

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Was a British general, a philanthropist, and the founder of the colony of Georgia in the 18th century. He suggested that British debtors should be released from prison and sent to Georgia to stop the contesting of territory between two other colonies.

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Leif Erikson

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A Norse explorer who is regarded as the first European to land in North America from the early 11th century. He established a Norse settlement at Vinland, which has been tentatively identified with the L'Anse aux Meadows Norse site on the northern tip of the island of Newfoundland in Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada.

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Navigation Acts

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The Navigation Acts of 1651-1696 were passed by the English Parliament and were aimed at excluding the Dutch from the profits made by English trade. Only British ships were able to import and export from the colonies. In the colonies, only the British citizens were able to trade. Commodities produced in the colonies could be only exported to British ports.

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The Glorious Revolution

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A revolution started by Jacob Leisler to challenge the colonial elite between the years 1689- 1715.

Front 67

Cambridge Agreement

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A deal in 1629 over whether the Massachusetts Bay Colony would be under local control, in New England, or under the control of a corporate board in London. The Agreement led directly to the foundation of Boston, Massachusetts. The Cambridge Agreement guaranteed that Massachusetts would be a self-governing colony, answerable only to the King. The Colony and the Company were now, for all intents and purposes, one and the same.

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Church of England (Anglican)

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Officially established church in England in the 18th century. It is the oldest Anglican church in England.

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Covenant Theology

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Contrasted with dispensational theology in the 19th century. Had a majority of protestant and was favored by the calvins.

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Halfway Covenant

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Was a form of partial church membership created in 1662 by New England. It promoted by Reverend Solomon Stoddard, who felt that the people of the English colonies where drifting away from their original religions of those from the beginning.

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The English Reformation

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In the 16th century, the Church of England first broke away from the authority of the Pope and the Roman Catholic Church. It was a religious and political movement which affected the practice of Christianity across most of Europe during this period. The decline of feudalism and the rise of nationalism, the rise of the common law, the invention of the printing press and increased circulation of the Bible.

Front 72

Thomas Hooker

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Was a prominent Puritan religious and colonial leader, who founded the Colony of Connecticut after dissenting with Puritan leaders in Massachusetts during the 16th-17th century. He was known as an outstanding speaker and a leader of universal Christian suffrage. Hooker also had a role in creating the "Fundamental Orders of Connecticut", one of the world's first written constitutions.

Front 73

Saybrook Platform

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Refers to conservative religious proposals adopted at Saybrook, Connecticut in September 1708. The document attempted to stem the tide of disunity among the established Congregational churches and restore discipline among both the clergy and their congregations. The platform provided for "associations" of pastors and elders and "consociations" of churches, each with broad powers to rule in disputes between churches, to proceed against erring churches and pastors, and to license the latter.

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Pueblo Revolt 1680

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In 1680, an uprising occured of Pueblos fighting for what they believed in. It led to a replaced encomiendia system to a less harsh one, allies of Spainsh and pueblo, and population decline of pueblo population.

Front 75

Cavaliers 1642-1647

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Name used by Parliamentarians for a Royalist supporter of King Charles I during the English Civil War 1642-1647

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John Locke

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Widely known as the Father of Liberalism during the seventeenth century, was an English philosopher and physician regarded as one of the most influential of Enlightenment thinkers. His work had a great impact upon the development of epistemology and political philosophy. His writings influenced Voltaire and Rousseau, many Scottish Enlightenment thinkers, as well as the American revolutionaries. His contributions to classical republicanism and liberal theory are reflected in the American Declaration of Independence.

Front 77

Pequot War

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An armed conflict in 1634-1638 between an alliance of Massachusetts Bay and Plymouth colonies with Native American allies (the Narragansett and Mohegan tribes) against the Pequot tribe. The result was the elimination of the Pequot as a viable polity in what is present-day Southern New England.