Chapter 1-2

Front 1

Incas

Back 1

-Native people with regional powers during the entire history of South American urban cultures; Expanded their influence in the 12th century.

Front 2

Mayas

Back 2

-Calssical period from 300 to 900 AD; Post-classical Maya culture was the importance of urban centers and their structures in the religious life of the Mayas.

Front 3

Aztecs

Back 3

-Nahua-speaking peoples in the Valley of Mexico were Aztecs; Aztec culture dominated the Valley of Mexico in the 15th and 16th centuries.

Front 4

Chaco Canyon

Back 4

-First site of Urban living; Located in the Juan Basin of New Mexico; Occupied by the Anasazi during the mid-7th century.

Front 5

Woodland Indians

Back 5

-Prehistoric native americans are noted for the cultivation of crops in the fertile valleys of North Georgia, creating intricately designed, tempered pottery with the ubiquitous red Georgia clay, building burial mounds and other ceremonial structures and effigies, and developing a system of trade relying on inland waterways and coastal passages.

Front 6

Mobile Societies (native americans)

Back 6

-Native American culture dictated that the accumulation of material things was not consistent with a mobile society; They began understanding what was "said", but not what was "written."

Front 7

Agriculture (natives)

Back 7

-Indigenous peoples of the Americas are the Native Americans inhabitants of North and South Americ, their descendants, and many ethnic groups who identify with those peoples.

Front 8

Leif Erikson

Back 8

-Leif Erikson is believed to be the first European to set foot in the New World in 1001 AD; opening a new land with rich resources for the Vikings to explore.

Front 9

Prince Henry The Navigator

Back 9

-Portuguese explorer who sponsored expiditions of discovery in the Atlantic Ocean, down the western coast of Africa.

Front 10

Christopher Columbus

Back 10

-Spanish explorer who, with the backing of Ferdinand V and Isabella I, discovered the North American continent on October 12,1492. Though he was originally seeking a westward route to India, his fleet of ships consisting of the Nina, Pinta and Santa Maria reached the island of Hispanola, claiming it for Spain.

Front 11

Ferdinand Magellan

Back 11

-Portuguese explorer who was the first person to sail across the Pacific Ocean and to circumnavigate the globe. Sailing under a Spanish commission, he attempted to reach the Spice Islands. After crossing the Pacific, Magellan was killed battling natives in the Philippines but two of his ships returned to Spain.

Front 12

The Conquistadors

Back 12

-ruthless soldiers of fortune who brought the powerful Aztec and Inca Empires to their knees.

Front 13

Cortes

Back 13

-In 1519, Cortés set out from Cuba with 600 men on an expedition to the mainland in present-day Mexico.Conquered the mighty Aztecs, securing a vast fortune and noble title for himself.

Front 14

Fransisco Pizarro

Back 14

-Spanish explorer and military leader who conquered Peru. Pizarro was part of many early explorations of the New World and was involved in the colonization of Panama. When he found the Inca empire in Peru he organized a expedition of 180 men and destroyed the empire in 1531.

Front 15

Ordinance of Discovery (Aztecs)

Back 15

-Law issued by King Philip II. The importance of this law was to keep track of all political and economic life in newly discovered places.

Front 16

Catholic Missionaries (natives)

Back 16

-The Spanish missions in California has a series of religious and military outposts established by Spanish Catholics of the Franciscan Order between 1769 and 1823 to spread the Christian faith among the Native Americans.

Front 17

St. Augustine 1565

Back 17

-St. Augustine founded in 1565, the nation's oldest city.

Front 18

Encominedas

Back 18

- Grants that give a person the right to take labor in the form of slaves or any type of homage form a designated group of Indians. Christopher Columbus who was sailing for Spain and who was one of the first conquistadors also began this practice in Hispanolia.

Front 19

Pueblo Revolt

Back 19

-Also known as Pope's rebellion; an uprising of many pueblos of the Pueblo people against Spanish colonization of the Americas in the New Spain province of New Mexico.

Front 20

Mestizo

Back 20

-a Spanish term that was used during the Spanish colonial period in Latin America to refer to people of mixed European and Amerindian ancestry.

Front 21

John Cabot

Back 21

-Explorer sent by Henry VII in 1497 who explored and claimed Newfoundland, Nova Scotia and the Grand Banks for England. Cabot was originally sent by Henry in violation of the treaty of Tordesillas to find a direct route to Asia. Cabot, like Columbus thought he had reached Asia, unaware he was exploring a new continent.

Front 22

Richard Hakluyt

Back 22

-English writer; He is principally remembered for his efforts in promoting and supporting the settlement of North America.

Front 23

Doctrine of Predestination

Back 23

-A doctrine of Calvinism which deals with the question of the control God exercises over the world.

Front 24

The Enlgish Reformation

Back 24

-A series of events in 16th-century England by which the Church of England first broke away from the authority of the Pope and the Roman Catholic Church.

Front 25

John Calvin

Back 25

-an influential French theologian and pastor during the Protestant Reformation. He expounded the doctrine of predestination and the absolute sovereignty of God in salvation.

Front 26

Puritan Sepratists

Back 26

-The Separatists, or Independents, were English Protestants who occupied the extreme wing of Puritanism.

Front 27

Elizabeth the I

Back 27

- Queen regnant of England and Queen regnant of Ireland from 17 November 1558 until her death. Supported the establishment of an English Protestant church.

Front 28

Coureurs De Bois

Back 28

-an individual who engaged in the fur trade without permission from the French authorities.

Front 29

New Amsterdam

Back 29

-a 17th-century Dutch colonial settlement that served as the capital of New Netherland. Later became New York City.

Front 30

West India Company

Back 30

-A charter company of Dutch merchants; On June 3, 1621, it was granted a charter for a trade monopoly in the West Indies.

Front 31

Sir Walter Raleigh

Back 31

-an English aristocrat, writer, poet, soldier, courtier, spy and explorer who is largely known for popularising tobacco in England.

Front 32

Roanoke

Back 32

- Was enterprise financed and organized by Sir Walter Raleigh; carried out in late 16th century to establish a permanent English settlement in the Virginia colony.

Front 33

James I

Back 33

-King of England and Ireland; 1567 to 1625; became King of Scots as James VI on 24 July 1567.

Front 34

Lord de La War

Back 34

-One of the governors of Jamestown; People wanted to go to England but he forced them to come back to Jamestown.

Front 35

Tobacco

Back 35

-Agriculture product processed from leaves of the Nicotiana plant;

Front 36

Virginia Company

Back 36

-Pair of Enlgish joint stock companys chartered by James I;

Front 37

Powhatans

Back 37

-Virginia Indian tribe, estimation about 14,000 to 21,000 of these native Powhatan people in eastern Virginia when the English settled Jamestown in 1607.

Front 38

Maryland/Calverts

Back 38

-Maryland was founded in 1634 by Catholics and espoused freedom of religion; They took away the Calverts' right to rule with the force of feudal kings. The Calverts had owned all the land.

Front 39

Proprietary Rule

Back 39

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Front 40

Toleration Act

Back 40

-Act of the English parliment May 24 1689; granted freedom of worship to Noncomformists, Protestants, Baptists and Congregationalists but not to Catholics.

Front 41

Plymouth Plantation

Back 41

-Document written between 1620 and 1647; The journal describes the story of the Pilgrims from 1608, when they settled in the Netherlands through the 1620 Mayflower voyage, until the year 1647.

Front 42

Mayflower Compact

Back 42

-First governing document of Plymouth Colony; written by colonists (pilgrims) in 1620; written for a separatist group seeking the freedon to practice Christianity according to their own determination and not the will of the English Church.

Front 43

William Bradford

Back 43

-English leader of the settlers of the Plymouth Colony in Massachettes; elected governor 30 times of Plymouth; credited as the first to proclaim what popular American culture now views as the first Thanksgiving.

Front 44

Colonial Currency

Back 44

-Currency Acts in 1751, 1764, and 1773 regulated colonial paper money; Continential Congress also issued paper money during the revolution, known as Continential currency.

Front 45

Theocratic Society

Back 45

-A form of government in which a god or deity is recognized as the state's supreme civil ruler; a form of government in which a state is governed by immediatedivine guidance or by officials who are regarded as divinely guided.

Front 46

Roger Williams

Back 46

-American Protestant theologian; first American proponent of religious freedom and the separation of church and state; 1636 he began the colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, provided a refuge for religious minorities.

Front 47

Pequot War

Back 47

-the first serious armed conflict between indigenous people and settlers in New England; war of 1637 .

Front 48

The Narragansetts

Back 48

-a Algonquian Native American tribe from Rhode Island; tribe controls the Narragansett Indian Reservation.

Front 49

English Civil War

Back 49

-A series of armed conflicts and political machinations between Parliamentarians and Royalists; War began 1642-1651.

Front 50

Middle Colonies

Back 50

-Middle colonies became the states of New Jersey, Pennsylvania, New york and Delaware; region's production of wheat, grains and oats.

Front 51

Charter of Liberties

Back 51

-a written proclamation by Henry I of England, issued upon his accession to the throne in 1100; binded the King to certain laws regarding the treatment of church officials and nobles

Front 52

Black Codes

Back 52

-Laws passed to limit basic human rights and civil liberties of African Americans; Eleventh Legislature produced these codes in 1866.

Front 53

Holy Experiment

Back 53

-An attempt by the Quakers to establish a community for themselves in Pennsylvania.

Front 54

James Oglethorpe

Back 54

-Founder of the colony of Georgia; Febuary 12, 1733;

Front 55

Mercantilisim

Back 55

-an economic theory, thought to be a form of economic nationalism, that holds that the prosperity of a nation is dependent upon its supply of capital, and that the global volume of international trade is "unchangeable".

Front 56

Sir Edmond Andros

Back 56

-1674; Governor of the Province of New York and the Jerseys

Front 57

The Glorious Revolution

Back 57

-Revolution of 1688; overthrow of King James II of England by Parliamentarians with an invading army led by the Dutch stadtholder William III.

Front 58

Cambridge Agreement

Back 58

-An agreement between the shareholders of the Massachusetts Bay Company; aug. 29, 1629; a deal over whether the Massachusetts Bay Colony would be under local control, in New England, or under the control of a corporate board in London.

Front 59

Church of England (Anglican)

Back 59

-Mother church of the Anglican Communion and the oldest among the communion's thirty-eight independent national and regional churches in England.

Front 60

Covenenat Theology

Back 60

-a conceptual overview and interpretive framework for understanding the overall flow of the Bible

Front 61

Halfway Covenant

Back 61

-a form of partial church membership created by New England in 1662.

Front 62

Thomas Hooker

Back 62

-founded the Colony of Connecticut; had a role in creating the "Fundamental Orders of Connecticut", one of the world's first written constitutions in 1639.

Front 63

Saybrook Platform

Back 63

-Document that conserved religious proposals adopted at Saybrook, Connecticut in September 1708.

Front 64

Cavaliers (1642-1647)

Back 64

-In the English Civil War (1642-1647), these were the troops loyal to Charles II. Their opponents were the Roundheads, loyal to Parliament and Oliver Cromwell.

Front 65

John Locke

Back 65

-Locke was a British political theorist who wrote the Fundamental Constitution for the Carolinas colony, but it was never put into effect. The constitution would have set up a feudalistic government headed by an aristocracy which owned most of the land.

Front 66

Giovanni Verrazano

Back 66

-Mariner who explored the East coast of the United States and Nova Scotia under the commission of France in 1524. He was commissioned to claim new lands in the New World and find a route to China. He was the first European to enter New York Bay. His land claims were not colonized until the 17th century.

Front 67

Pedro Alvares Cabral

Back 67

-Portuguese navigator and explorer who explored what is now Brazil. While making a trip to India on April, 22, 1500 his fleet was forced off course by weather and he reached what is now the state of Bahia, Brazil. He claimed this land for Portugal.

Front 68

Vasco Nunez de Balboa

Back 68

-Spanish explorer who is best known for being the first to reach the Pacific Ocean in 1513. While attempting to escape debt he joined an expedition lead by Martin Fernandez de Enciso where he took control of the party and led it across the Isthmus of Panama to the Pacific Ocean, which he claimed for the Spanish monarchs.

Front 69

Jacques Cartier

Back 69

-French explorer who explored the Saint Lawrence River. In 1534 Cartier lead a two ship party to find the northwest passage to Asia. He explored Newfoundland and the Gulf of St. Lawrence. While exploring, he claimed the lands for France which made up most of its claim to Canada.

Front 70

Juan Ponce de Leon

Back 70

-Spanish explorer who discovered the present day state of Florida on March 27, 1512. Following reports of a fountain of youth, he sailed from his colony in Puerto Rico to the eastern shore of Florida where, upon landing, his party was attacked by natives and where he was mortally wounded before retreating to Cuba.

Front 71

Hernando Cortez

Back 71

-Spanish conquistador who is best known for the destruction of the Aztec Empire in present day Mexico. On February 19,1519 Cortez left Cuba with a force of 600 men. Upon landing, Cortez was greeted by the Aztecs who he began to subjugate. He destroyed all resistance and destroyed the Aztec capital in present day Mexico City.

Front 72

Spanish Armada, 1588

Back 72

-Naval force launched by Phillip II of Spain to fight England. The Fleet was the largest of its time in the 16th century. The Armada was severely damaged when it was attacked off the coast of England on August 7,1588 and cut nearly in half by storms upon return to Spain, making Britain the dominant sea power.

Front 73

Colombian Exchange

Back 73

The exchange of biological organisms between continents. The diseases brought to the American continent that helped to nearly destroy the native populations is one example of that exchange. Besides disease, many plants and animals have been brought to new environments with varying consequences.

Front 74

Order of Colonization

Back 74

Virginia in 1607, John Smith; Plymouth in 1620, William Bradford; New York in 1626, Peter Minuit; Massachusetts Bay in 1630, John Winthrop; Maryland in 1633, George Calvert; Rhode Island in 1636, Roger Williams; Connecticut in 1636, Thomas Hooker; New Hampshire in 1638; Delaware in 1638; North Carolina in 1653; South Carolina in 1663; New Jersey in 1664; Pennsylvania in 1682, William Penn; Georgia in 1732, James Oglethorpe.