Chapter 04 - Human Development

Front 1

A _______design examines different age groups at one period of time while a ______ design examines one group over a longer period of time, often several years.

Back 1

Cross-sectional
Longitudinal

Front 2

According to Erikson, the crisis that reflects whether a person has contributed enough to future generations in terms of raising children and contributions to the community __________ vs ____________.

Back 2

Generativity versus Stagnation

Front 3

According to Kubler-Ross, ______ occurs before _____ in reacting to impending death.

Back 3

Bargaining
Depression

Front 4

Although avoiding drugs, alcohol, smoking, and other toxins throughout pregnancy is best, generally the most important time to avoid them in order to prevent abnormalities is the ___________ ______.

Back 4

embryonic period

Front 5

At the ______ level of Kohlberg's Stage Theory of moral development, judgements of right and wrong are based on others attitudes, often including resident authority figures from that person's culture.

Back 5

Conventional

Front 6

Based on Harlow's artificial mother research, hospitals might best promote parent - child attachment if ?

Back 6

Parents are encouraged to cuddle their newborn often.

Front 7

Billy believes boys are stronger, noisier, better at math, and make better doctors, engineers, and police officers than girls. These beliefs about males and females represent _______ _______.

Back 7

Gender Schemas

Front 8

Dee understands conversation, but she can't handle questions that deal with the abstract. She is in the ____________________ period.

Back 8

Concrete Operational Period

Front 9

During this period of human prenatal development, the unrecognizable mass takes a more familiar form including arms, legs, fingers, toes, and beating heartbeat.

Back 9

Embryonic

Front 10

James can view events only from his own unique perspective; he can't consider the viewpoints of others. This represents ___________.

Back 10

Egocentrism

Front 11

Kiri acts as if her toy doesn't exist when it rolls under the sofa. Kiri is probably in Piaget's _____________ period.

Back 11

Sensorimotor Period

Front 12

Meg knows cats are small, furry animals. When she saw a mink at the zoo, she kept calling it a cat, even after being told it was a mink. Meg's behavior represents __________.

Back 12

Assimilation

Front 13

One challenge to Piaget's theory is that object permanence research suggests what?

Back 13

Even 1 to 4 month olds show surprise when an object does not reappear when a screen is removed.

Front 14

One strength of Erikson's psychosocial theory of the development of personal identity is what?

Back 14

its proposal that personal identity development is a lifelong process.

Front 15

Roughly ____% of all babies can roll over at 5 months of age, sit without support at 8 months, and walk alone by 15 months.

Back 15

90%

Front 16

The stage of development according to Piaget involves great strides in language development.

Back 16

Preoperational

Front 17

To stop Rudy's fussing for an attractive (but dangerous) object, Rudy's mother put it in her pocket. "Out of sight, out of mind," she said, and it worked. Rudy's mother made use of his lack of __________ ________.

Back 17

Object permanence

Front 18

Tom rarely acts nervous in strange situations and pays little attention to his mother's presence or absence. Tom would most likely be classified as having ________ _________.

Back 18

Avoidant Attachment

Front 19

Which best represents the conclusions of research on the effects of day care on most children?

Back 19

Day care has no serious long-term effects on social or cognitive development.

Front 20

During the third through eighth weeks of development, the organism is called what?

Back 20

an embryo

Front 21

The disease rubella produces heart defects if contracted during the first 6 weeks of pregnancy, but it is unlikely to produce heart defects if contracted later. Why does this pattern occur?

Back 21

The heart has mostly completed its development after the sixth week, so damage is less likely.

Front 22

The sequential development of motor skills is most dependent on ___________________.

Back 22

The sequential development of neural connections.

Front 23

Most women do not experience significant depression or major physical problems at ____________.

Back 23

Menopause

Front 24

To study moral development, researchers tested a group of fifty 3 - year - olds at yearly intervals over the next 20 years. This procedure is an example of __________ ______.

Back 24

Longitudinal Design

Front 25

A decline from peak physical functioning typically begins between the ages of __ and __.

Back 25

20 and 30

Front 26

In the standard conservation of liquid task, pre-operational children pay attention to the "height" of the liquid and ignore the "width" of the liquid. This tendency to consider only one dimension is called?

Back 26

Centration

Front 27

Dee understands conservation, but she can't handle questions that deal with the abstract. She is in the _______________ period.

Back 27

Concrete Operational

Front 28

Memory research indicates that older adults perform poorly on ________ but not on ______________.

Back 28

Recall tests
Recognition Tests

Front 29

Fred said that stealing a drug would be wrong because is caught, the man would go to jail. This is an example of Kohlberg's _______ ______.

Back 29

Preconventional Reasoning

Front 30

_____ ________ ______proposes that prejudice against the elderly occurs due to a fear of dying.

Back 30

Terror Management Theory

Front 31

If Mike is struggling to achieve generativity rather than stagnation, Mike is probably ____ ______.

Back 31

middle-aged.

Front 32

Ed is no longer angry he is dying of lung cancer. If Kubler-Ross is correct, Ed will now experience ____________.

Back 32

bargaining

Front 33

What is the best representation of the conclusions of research on the effects of day care on most children?

Back 33

Day care has no serious long-term effects on social or cognitive development.

Front 34

The critical factor that causes a female reproductive system to develop is what?

Back 34

having no testosterone released in the seventh to eighth week of development.

Front 35

Although avoiding drugs, alcohol, smoking, and other toxins throughout pregnancy is best, generally the most important time to avoid them in order to prevent abnormalities is what?

Back 35

The first three months of the prenatal period

Front 36

The _______ ______ of the plasticity of the brain is the capability of adjusting to a particular environment and compensating for cell loss.

Back 36

Adaptive value

Front 37

Eduardo's body was encased in a cast during the first nine months of his life. He probably will begin to walk at about when?

Back 37

the same time as children given free movement.

Front 38

In general, the role of experience in perceptual development is to do what?

Back 38

make adjustments to the basic neural circuits already established at birth.

Front 39

The same red light was presented repeatedly until the infant quit responding, then a new, slightly different colored light was presented, and the infant responded again. This is an example of the _______ ________.

Back 39

habituation technique

Front 40

To study changes in processing speed with age, Ted is currently testing a group of 20-year-olds, a group of 30-year-olds and a group of 40-year-olds and comparing their speeds. This is an example of a _______________________.

Back 40

Cross-Sectional design

Front 41

Although she saw both pieces taken out of their cans, Amy now thinks that she has less clay than her brother because his has been squashed flat. Amy does not understand ________.

Back 41

Conservation

Front 42

James can view events only from his own unique perspective; he can't consider the viewpoints of others. This represents __________.

Back 42

egocentrism

Front 43

Kim decided that stealing a drug would be wrong because it is against the law, and because laws are needed to maintain social order. Kim is reasoning at Kohlberg’s

Back 43

Conventional Level

Front 44

Mal is struggling to develop a sense of initiative. Mal is probably between ___ and ___ years old.

Back 44

3 and 6

Front 45

what is most valid criticism of Kohlberg's theory of moral development is that ________________ in moral reasoning art not handled well by his theory.

Back 45

Cross-cultural differences

Front 46

Based on Harlow's artificial mother research, hospitals might best promote parent-child attachment if parents are encouraged to do what?

Back 46

cuddle their newborn often.

Front 47

Evaluations of attachment indicate that about 70% of children have _______ ___________

Back 47

Secure Attachment

Front 48

Frank, age 70, can't find a part-time job because many employers mistakenly believe all the elderly are sickly, unable to think clearly, and cranky. Frank is experiencing the effects of ________.

Back 48

Ageism

Front 49

One strength of Erikson's psychosocial theory of the development of personal identity is its ____________________________________________.

Back 49

proposal that personal identity development is a lifelong process.

Front 50

Because not all people follow Kubler-Ross' proposed stages, many psychologists prefer to discuss death in terms of ______ __________.

Back 50

dying trajectories

Front 51

what is the period in prenatal development from conception to implantation of the fertilized egg in the wall of the uterus.

Back 51

Germinal period

Front 52

what is the period of prenatal development lasting from implantation to the end of the eighth week.

Back 52

embryonic period

Front 53

what is the period of prenatal development lasting from the ninth week until birth?

Back 53

fetal period

Front 54

what is the difference between a longitudinal design and a cross-section design?

Back 54

Longitudinal Design: a research design in which the same people are studied or tested repeatedly over time.
Cross-Sectional: A research design in which people of different ages are compared at the same time.

Front 55

what is habituation?

Back 55

The decline in responsiveness to a stimulus that is repeatedly presented.

Front 56

What is schemata?

Back 56

mental models of the world that we use to guide and interpret our experiences.

Front 57

What is assimilation?

Back 57

The process through which we fit-or assimilate-new experiences into existing schemata.

Front 58

what is accommodation?

Back 58

the process through which we change or modify existing schemata to accommodate new experiences.

Front 59

Explain Piaget's four stages and what occurs at each.

Back 59

Sensorimotor period: lasting from birth to about 2 years of age; schemata revolve around sensory and motor abilities. Object Permanence occurs here.

The Preoperational Period: 2 to 7, children begin to think symbolically but often lack the ability to perform mental operations such as conservation.

Concrete Operational Period: 7 to 11. Children aquire the capacity to perform a number of mental operations but still lack the ability for abstract reasoning.

Formal Operational Period: 11 to adult. Thought processes become adultlike, and people gain mastery

Front 60

what is egocentrism?

Back 60

the tendency to see the world from one's own unique perspective only; a characteristic of thinking in the preoperational period of development.

Front 61

what is morality?

Back 61

the ability to distinguish between appropriate and inappropriate actions.

Front 62

Explain what happens at each stage of Kohlberg's theory.

Back 62

Preconventional: Lowest level of moral development, in which decisions about right and wrong are made primarily in terms of external consequences.

Conventional level: The stage in which actions are judged to be right or wrong based on whether they maintain or disrupt the social order.

Postconventional level: Highest level or moral development, in which moral actions are judged on the basis of a personal code of ethics that is general and abstract and that may not agree with societal norms.

Front 63

what are attachments?

Back 63

strong emotional ties formed to one or more intimate companions.

Front 64

what is temperament?

Back 64

a child's general level of emotional reactivity.

Front 65

what is a strange situation test?

Back 65

Gradually subjecting a child to a stressful situation and observing his or her behavior toward the parent or caregiver. This test is used to classify children according to type of attachment - secure, resistant, avoidant, or disorganized/disoriented.

Front 66

Erikson believed that our sense of self is shaped bya series of psychosocial crises that we confront at characteristic stages in development, what are these stages and what occurs at them?

Back 66

Infancy and childhood: trust vs mistrust, autonomy vs shame or doubt (2), initiative vs guilt (3-6), industry to inferiority (6-12).

Adolescence and Young adulthood: identity vs. role confusion (ad), Intimacy vs. isolation (ya)

Adulthood and older adulthood: generativity vs. stagnation, integrity vs. despair.