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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Autobiographical memory: |
recollections about our life Includes both episodic and semantic memories |
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Flashbulb memories: |
memories that seemso vivid and clear they're like a snapshot of a moment in time Tend to be very distinctive events in our lives Usually have a strong emotional component Can be positive or negative events Hard to know if the person is accurate on their memory Usually they aren't Number of details is no better but we think we remember more Arent special just get rehearsed more |
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Narrative rehearsal hypothesis: |
you talk about flashbulb major events a lot morethan random every day events |
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Talaricoand Rubin: |
flashbulbmemories are not special in terms of how much information can be recalled, orthe accuracy of memories. But they maybe different in that people think these memories are stronger or more accurate. |
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Rimmele et al |
showed 30 neutral and 30 negative photos and hour later saw same 60 plus 60 new photos people were more likely to "remember" emotional images - but emotion does not make us remember more details - people were actually better at recalling frame colours of neutral photos |
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Source monitoring: |
determining theorigins of our knowledge, beliefs, or memories Usually involves retrieving the memory, and then deciding where it came from |
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"famous overnight experiment" |
jacoby et al all people read bunch of non famous names after reading told they were non famous immediate test - from a list of names pick out the famous people ( contained famous, new and old non-famous ) 24 hours later - non famous names suddenly became famous used reasoning process for why they had heard it before |
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Cryptomnesia: |
unconsiousplagiarism of others |
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Pragamatic inference: |
drawinga probably conclusion even if it was not directly stated |
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Schema: |
a mental model orrepresentation of something Based on knowledge and experience |
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Script: |
amental conception of the sequence of actions that typically occur in a givensituation not for person place of thing just events |
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marsh el al |
participants read a series of statements that are stereotypical male and female. then told chris is male and sarah is female or vice versa. then asked who said this... memory influenced by what participants thought were "typical" of males and females |
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"office study: |
participants waited in a room for study to begin surprise tested on what objects were in the room 30% said books because prof room no books in room |
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D.R.M paradigm |
show abunch of wordsall related to another word not on list Later give a new list with old words new words and the word everything was related to People swear the related word was in the first list |
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Misinformation effect: |
info presented after a person witnessessomething can change how the person later describes it |
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lotfus and palmer |
showed participants video of car crash and used words such as hit, bumped, smashed changing the wording of the questions changed people memory of the speed they were going misinformation effect also changed qualitative memory did you see any glass? |
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Reasonswhy misinformation effects happen |
Source misattribution : two pieces of info in two different forms What they saw and what they were told Make a mistake about which memory was the one that we actually saw versus imagined Implies the "true" memory is still in our mind but just got confused on which one was actually true Retroactive interference: 2 pieces of info ( what we saw vs what we were told ) Second memory interferes with the first Also suggest true memory is in our brain just have trouble retrieving it Almost impossible to test Memory replacement: 2 pieces of info 2nd memory oversrites the first By re-consolidation First memory not in the brain at all |
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Naderet al |
rat is scared, it will freeze 1st group - tone then shock and given anisomycin the next day Freezed when hear tone Memory had already consolidate 2nd group - tone then shock then anisomycon right after Tested later : no response to tone Had no memory of it 3rd group - shock and tone Next test - freeze when hear tone and give them anisomycon when feared Next test: no response to tone Inject after consolidation, but during reactivation - no freezing ( un learning ) By reactivating the memory it became vulnerable again Retrieved memories must be reconsolidated |
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errors in attention |
High stress - affects what we attend to Weapon focus Tendency of witnesses to remember details about the weapon better than details about the person |
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Stannyand Johnson |
Onegroup showed video of robber shooting the other group showed video withoutrobber shooting weapon recall better than person worse memory for every all details when person shot gun high emotional arousal --> poor memory |
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Rosset al |
Showedtwo videos of a male and a female teacher reading then showed a video of femaleteacher being robbed when robber not in line up high results of thinking it was male teacher still higher for male teacher when actually robber was in lineup |
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post-identificationfeedback effect: |
increasein confidence due to confirming feedbackafter making a judgement |
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chan et al |
watched a video Group A - given recall test ( rehearsal ) Group B: plays tetris everyone hears description of episode containing misinformation Group A: 50% "recalled" incorrect items group B: 30% "recall incorrect items reconsolidation |
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False memories: |
remembering events that did not occur orincorrectly recalling details of an event Can have false memory implanted |
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hyman et al |
contacted parents of research participants and got childhood story gave short description of story to participant and asked to elaborate some were trues stories some false by 2nd interview - 20% recall details about an event that never happened Hardto tell if the person actually rmemebers the event or just remembers it frombeing told it over and over |
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lost in the mall study |
lotfus and pickerall asked family for stories of participant but not part of family folklore or traumatic false story about being lost using personal details 25% "recalled" being lost after told one of the four events never happened 25% did not correctly ID the mall as false |
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braun ellis and loftus |
Ex 1 - asked if they remembr as a kid going to shaking mikes hand at disney people who saw a pic of mickey with hand out who were initially uncertain became sure they had met mickey and shook his hand EX 2 - look at dif advertisement for disney but characters weren't from disney people "remembered" meeting these characters visual imagery can induce false memories for impossible events |
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Betrayal trauma: |
childrenare dependant on adults and in order to maintain attachment the child activelyinhibits memories of abuse by trustedadults |
