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71 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Who made the 1st periodic table?
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Russian scientist Dmitri Mendeleev
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How did Medeleev arrange table?
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1- by increasing atomic mass
2-rows: 17 x 7 3-repetition of properties |
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what were the problems with Medeleev's table?
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1- left blank spaces for missing (non-discovered) elements
2- some elements seemed in wrong place 3- knew his stuff |
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Who made the current periodic table?
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Henry Mosely
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How did Henry organize table?
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-increasing atomic numbers
- properties repeat at certain frequencies |
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What law did Henry Mosely create? what does it mean?
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Periodic Law-
properties of elements repeat in an orderly pattern based on atomic # |
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What are the families on the per. table?
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vertical pieces
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what is group 1
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Alkali metals
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group 2
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Alkaline earth metals
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group 3
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transition metals
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group 13, 14 15
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no name
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group 16
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Chalcogens
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why are they called chalcogens?
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because their compounds are chalky
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group 17
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Halogens or slat formers
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what is another name for the halogens?
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the noble or inert gases
-don't react |
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What model did JJ Thomson make?
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Plum pudding model-
Neg. electrons randomly embedded in a sphere of positive charge |
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What experiment did Rutherford make?
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Gold foil
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what was the 1st step of rutherfords exp.?
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Takes gold foil
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What was the 2nd experiment of Rutherford?
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He shoots at foil
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what was rutherfords assumption of the gold foil experiment?
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that the alpha particles should go straight through because there shouldn't be anything bigger than an electron
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What happened when rutherford shot the alpha particles through the foil?
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most of them went through but some of them bounced off i different directions
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what was the conclusion of rutherfords experiment?
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Something in the atom (nucleus) was big enough to deflect the particles
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What doe the stair step line do?
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it separates the metals from the non-metals
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Metals are are to the____ of the stair step
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left
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non metals are to the ___ of the stair step
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right
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What are the 5 characteristics of metals?
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1-conduct the electricity & heat
2- solid @ room temp 3- shiny (luster) 4- malleable 5- ductile |
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What are the 3 characteristics of non metals?
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1- don't conduct electricity or heat ( insulators)
2- Many are gases 3-if solid, they are dull and brittle |
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Where are the metalloids located on the periodic table? which one is the exception?
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right along the stair step line
- aluminum |
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what characteristics do metalloids have?
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same ones as non metals and metals
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What was the Rutherford and Bohr Planetary model? is it our current model?
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electrons orbit the nucleus like planets orbit the sun
- no |
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What is the electromagnetic spectrum?
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energy that travels in waves at the speed of light
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what is the wave length measured in?
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meters
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what is the frequency of a wave
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number of waves per sec.
-/sec - 1/sec -hertz (hz) |
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what is ground state?
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when the electron in in the lowest energy level possible
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How does an electron become excited?
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if you add energy, electrons absorb it and go to higher energy levels
-not stable |
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What will happen to an electron in the excited state?
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it will begin to release photons and it quickly fall back into ground state
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what is a photon? who discovered it?
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-chunk of energy
- max plank |
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what is the equation for electron energy?
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E= hf
- E: energy -h: constant -f: frequency |
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If h is a constant then....
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the higher the energy, the higher the frequency
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what did Debrogile believe?
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wave- particle duality
- that everything has both wave and particle characteristics |
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what was debrogiles equation?
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w=h/mv
-w: wave length -h: planks constant -m:mass -v: velocity |
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what can any particles with a mass and velocity create?
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wavelength
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what did Heisenburg do? what was his theory called?
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treated electron as a particle
-Heisenburg uncertainty principle |
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what was the heisenburg uncertainty principle? what was the evidence of this?
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you can't know both position and momentum of an electron at the same time
- small and fast, can't tell direction -can't measure with modern tools - measuring will change the location or momentum of the electron |
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what did schrodinger do?
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treated the electron as a wave
- does very complicated math to determine the probable location of electron and atom |
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what were the results of schrodinger's experiment?
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Orbital (electron cloud)
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what is an orbital?
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the region around the nucleus where there is a high probability of finding an electron
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what scientist brought us to the current atomic structure? what is it?
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schrodinger
- the quantum theorem |
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what is the quantum theorem?
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present day theory that electrons are located in orbitals
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what are quantum numbers?
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number that specifies the properties of an electrons
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what do quantum numbers do? who many are there?
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the narrow down the location of the electron
-4 |
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What does the principle QN do? abbreviation
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shows the energy level
-n |
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what does the angular QN show? abbreviation
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the energy sub-level
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what does the magnetic QN show? abbreviation
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shows the orbital
-m |
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what does the spin QN show?
abbreviation |
gives the spin of an electron
-s |
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what is the Pauli exclusion principle?
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no two electrons in an atom can have the same set of four quantum numbers
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what are the four sub-levels of electrons?
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s,p,d,f
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as n increases____
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the electrons distance form the nucleus and energy level increases
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if n= 1, how many sub levels? what is the sbl?
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1 sbl
-s |
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if n= 2, how many sbl's?
what are they? |
2 sbls
- s,p |
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if n=3, how many sbls?
what are they? |
3 sbls
- s, p, d |
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if n=4, how many sbls?
what are they? |
4 sbls
- s, p, d, f |
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s sbl has how many orbitals? what's it's shape?
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1 orbital
-sphere |
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p sbl has how many orbitals? what's it;s shape?
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3 orbitals
- dumbell |
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d sbl has how many orbitals? what is there shape?
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5 orbitals
- cloverleaf |
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f has how many orbitals?
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7 orbitals
- too complicated |
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what is the max. amount of electrons that each orbital can have?
what must they be? |
- 2 electrons
- opposite spins |
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what is the aufbau principle?
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electron enters the orbital of the lowest energy level first
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what is hunds rule?
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for multi orbitals (p,d,f) electrons sill singly, then pair up
-like a bus |
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what do dot diagrams do?
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show valence electrons
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what is a valence electron?
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the outermost electron that is in the highest energy level
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