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64 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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pathogen |
agent that can cause infection |
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contagion |
spread of pathogen from person to person |
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communicable disease |
can be spread directly from person to person |
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non-communicable disease |
requires an intermediate host to spread example: malaria |
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virulence |
refers to how dangerous a pathogen is |
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infectious profile |
refers to characteristics of a pathogen 1. Route of transmission 2. host range 3. time course of disease 4. geographic distribution 5. biochemical requirements |
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route of transmission |
example: respiratory, sexually transmitted |
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host range |
which targets can a pathogen effect? wide or narrow |
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time course of disease |
incubation: no S/S prodromal: vague S/S begin acute: exacerbation of S/S convalescence: S/S begin to disappear recovery: no S/S |
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geographic distribution |
can limit range of pathogen example: malaria only exists in certain climates |
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biochemical requirements |
factors that effect whether a pathogen can thrive |
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emerging pathogen |
some aspect of infectious profile has changed to become a new threat |
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bacteria groupings |
mono diplo staphylo: cluster strepto: chain |
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bacteria shapes |
coccus bacillus: rod spirilla: helix spirochete: corkscrew vibrio: comma-shape |
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selective growth media |
encourage growth of one species, suppress growth of another |
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differential growth media |
media will change in response to bacteria example: color |
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toxins |
poisonous chemical released by an organism Exotoxin endotoxin |
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endotoxin |
stored inside bacteria and released upon bacteria cell death example: salmonella- cannot taste the toxin , so cases are prevalent
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exotoxin |
immediately secreted by bacteria (therefore, can taste) example: botulism- can immediately taste, so cases are few |
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spore |
protective coat against harsh environments makes controlling pathogens more difficult |
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antibiotics |
chemicals that interfere with metabolism biocidal: kills target biostatic: inhibits growth |
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naked virus |
consists of nucleic acid and capsid (protein coat) divide faster, but are easier targets for immune system |
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enveloped virus |
consists of nucleic acid, capsid, and envelope (taken from host cell- camoflauge!) divide more slowly, but are harder for immune system to identify |
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LYTIC life cycle |
virus attacks, infects nucleic acid, virus is reproduced, cell lysis release virus |
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LATENT life cycle |
virus injects nucleic acid, which enters nucleus and joins host's nucleic acids stress can cause latent cycle to become lytic- IE herpes |
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retrovirus |
RNA virus that encodes for reverse transcriptase, which changes RNA to DNA. Once in host cell, RNA is converted to DNA and immediately injected into host's nucleus, thereby bypassing the host cell's anti-DNA enzymes in cytoplasm example: HIV |
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viral antigen shuffling |
virus expresses different antigens after each division, therefore keeping ahead of the immune system example: HIV, flu (new flu shot every year to keep up-to-date) |
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anti-viral compounds |
treatments for viral infections usually most effective as cocktails strategy is to work on viral enzymes- for example, anti-reverse transcriptase slows retrovirus (most anti-viral compounds are BIOSTATIC) bottom line: maximum damage to virus, minimum damage to host |
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prions |
infectious, malformed protein only known to infect brain tissue "reproduce by malforming host's proteins, resulting in loss of functional proteins and waste accumulation in host cell, leading to cell death spongiform encephalitis transmitted through warm body fluid, or genetic TX: no cure, only palliative treatment |
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human prion diseases |
Kuru: associated with cannibalism Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease |
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animal prion diseases |
Bovine spongiform encephalitis: mad cow disease scrapie: lambs and sheep chronic wasting disease: deer and elk |
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protozoa |
eukaryotic, unicellular parasites classified by motility: amoeboids, flagellates, ciliates, sporozoans difficult to fight because metabolic pathways are similar to ours |
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amoeboids |
type of protozoa that crawls using pseudopods example: dysentary S/S diarrhea, cachexia |
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flagellates |
type of protozoa that swims example: trypanosoma (African sleeping sickness) uses RBD host cell; requires intermediate host (tsetsi fly) |
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ciliates |
type of protozoa that moves using cilia few affect humans example: giardia |
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sporozoans |
type of protozoa that has no independent motility example: plasmodium, uses RBC host cell; requires intermediate host |
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Fungi |
eukaryotic, uni- or multicellular organism with cell wall to fight, can use unique metabolic pathways such as chitin production |
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chitin |
protein found in cell walls of fungi drugs that inhibit chitin production impair fungal growth and reproduction |
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mycelium |
growth projection from fungal cell used for reproduction allows for rapid cell multiplication example: "rings" of ringworm are due to mycelium projections that burst at a predetermined length |
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mycosis |
a fungal infection |
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helminth |
eukaryotic, multicellular require intermediate hosts- often strategy for contain pathogen diseases are referred to as infestations roundworms or flatworms |
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roundworms |
typically infest lymphatic or vascular tissue (vessels) example: hookworm, pinworm |
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flatworms |
typically found in intestines and liver (digestive tissue) example: flukes, tapeworms (grow segmented gonads) |
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arthropods |
include ticks, mites, lice, fleas VECTORS- transport pathogens |
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reservoir |
can store pathogens that multiply (incubate) NO transport component example: humans w/rabies |
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carrier |
can transport and incubate pathogens, shows NO S/S example: mosquito |
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vector |
can transport, but NOT incubate pathogen no S/S |
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fomite |
inanimate object that is contaminated with a pathogen can transport, not incubate (inanimate vector) |
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horizontal transmission |
directly from person to person |
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vertical transmission |
transmission from parent to offspring example: measles, HIV, genetic diseases |
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nosocomial infection |
acquired from a health care facility |
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endemic |
always present in low numbers |
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outbreak |
increase or "spike" in incidence |
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epidemic |
outbreak in a single geographic area (relative to perspective) |
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pandemic |
outbreak in several discrete areas (relative to perspective) |
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antibiotic |
chemical that will interrupt metabolism biostatic or biocidal encourage/reward mutation, NOT cause over time, resistant strains become dominant |
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isolation |
strategy to control infectious disease by keeping infected people away from everyone else |
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quarantine |
strategy to control infectious disease by keeping suspected people away from everyone else |
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disinfection |
reducing number of pathogens on a surface example: pasteurization |
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sterilization |
completely removing all pathogens from a surface |
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vaccination |
"fake" infection to activate immune response and build up body's natural defenses
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types of immunity |
natural: results from exposure to real threat artificial: active: build antibodies against threat passive: given antibodies (ex. breast milk) |
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types of vaccinations |
attenuated: weakened (risk?) partial: pieces of pathogen recombinant: genetically engineer a harmless copy of pathogen (most effective) |
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herd immunity |
the idea that immunizing enough people in a population will give everyone protection by forming a protective barrier and decreasing the chance of an outbreak |
