Chaper 16: Psychological Disorders

Front 1

Psychological Disorder

Back 1

a "harmful dysfunction" in which behavior is judged to be atypical, disturbing, maladaptive, and unjustifiable;
something that impairs your life

Front 2

Medical Model

Back 2

the concept that diseases have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and, in most cases, cured. When applied to psychological disorders, the medical model assumes that these "mental" illnesses can be diagnosed on the basis of their symptoms and cured through therapy, which may include treatment in a psychiatric hospital.

Front 3

Bio-Psycho-Social Perspective

Back 3

a contemporary perspective which assumes that biological, psychological and sociocultral factors combine and interact to produce psychological disorders

Front 4

DSM-IV

Back 4

the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Forth Edition), a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders. Presently distributed in an updated "text revision" (DSM-IV-TR);
400 different disorders;
practical tool;
used by insurance companies

Front 5

Neurotic Disorder

Back 5

a psychological disorder that is usually distressing but that allows one to think rationally and function socially

Front 6

Psychotic Disorder

Back 6

a psychological disorder in which a person loses contact with reality experiencing irrational ideas and distorted perceptions

Front 7

Psychological Disorder

Back 7

a "harmful dysfunction" in which behavior is judged to be atypical, disturbing, maladaptive and unjustifiable

Front 8

Anxiety Disorder

Back 8

psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety;
caused by conditioning, stimulus generalization, reinforcement, observational learning, genes

Front 9

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Back 9

an anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal;
.66 are women;
cannot identify cause

Front 10

Panic Disorder

Back 10

an anxiety disorder marked by a minutes-long episode of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest paint, choking or other frightening sensations;
1 in 75 causes panic attacks

Front 11

Agoraphobia

Back 11

fear or avoidance of situations in which escape might be difficult or help unavailable when panic strikes

Front 12

Phobia

Back 12

an anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object or situation;
can be genetic, identical twins raised apart tend to fear the same things

Front 13

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

Back 13

an anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions);
often hits in late teens or twenties;
sympotms gradually lesson as people age, 1/5 recover;
2-3% of people;
common obsessions are dirt, germs toxins (40%); something terrible happening (24%); symmetry, order, exactness (17%);
common compulsions are excessive hand washing, bathing, tooth brushing, or grooming (85%); repeating rituals (51%); checking doors, locks, appliances, car brake, homework (46%)

Front 14

Mood Disorders

Back 14

psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes. See major depressive disorder, manic episode, and bipolar disorder;
run in families

Front 15

Major Depressive Disorder

Back 15

a mood disorder in which a person, for no apparent reason, experiences two or more weeks of depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most activities;
twice as common in women;
often reoccurs;
often ends spontaneously;
often preceeded by a major stressor;
50% have some other disorder;
less serotonin and norepinephrine;
brains are less active;
brains are smaller

Front 16

Manic Episodes

Back 16

a mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state;
lots of creative people;
overabundant norpinephrine

Front 17

Norepinephrine

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increases arousal and boosts mood;
overabundant during mania;
too little during depression

Front 18

Bipolar Disorder

Back 18

a mood disorder in which the person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania. (Formally called manic-depressive disorder);
1% of population

Front 19

Sucide

Back 19

women are more likely to attempt it, men are more likely to succeed;
suicide rates in England, Italy, and Spain are half as low as in Canada, Australia, US. Rates are double in Austria and Finland. Lithuanians are 15 times more likely then Portuguese;
Whites are twice as likely to commit suicide as Blacks in US;
rates are increasing in teens;
higer in nonreligious, single, widowed, divorced, homosexuals;
rarely really depressed people because they lack initiative;
rates are higher in people addicted to alcohol (100 times more likely, 3% do);
after highly publicized suicides, suicide rates jump;
often show signs

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Social-Cognitive Perspective

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depression makes people view the world in a depressed way;
women are more likely to be abused and they are more likely to be depressed;
women are more likely to feel overwhelmed;
men spend more of their time in activities that do not cause anxiety

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Depressed people view the world as...

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Stable (always be this way), global (it will affect everything), internal (it is all my fault)

Front 22

Dissociative Dissorder

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disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings

Front 23

Dissociative Identity Disorder

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a rate dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities. Also called multiple personality disorder;
handedness can differ between personalities;
subtle memories do not transfer;
visual acuity and eye-muscle balance change;
might not exist or exist in the numbers it appears to;
many murders with this have been severely abused

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Delusions

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false beliefs, often of persecutions or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders

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Schizophrenia

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a group of severe disorders characterized by disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and actions;
1/100 people get it;
hits adolescence;
hits men more severely and earlier;
the thinking of people with schizophrenia is disordered, fragmented, and delusional;
usually comes with hallucinations that are usually auditory;
inappropriate emotions;
inappropriate actions

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Catatonia

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motionless for hours, before suddenly becoming agitated

Front 27

Positive Schizophrenia

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presence of inappropriate behaviors;
hallucinations;
disorganized and deluded talking;
inappropriate emotions;
better outlook (better response to drugs)

Front 28

Negative Schizophrenia

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absence of appropriate behaviors;
toneless voice;
expressionless face;
mute or ridged bodies

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Chronic or Process Schizophrenia

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develops slowly;
hits people with history of social inadequacy;
hard to recover from;
more likely to be men;
often have negative symptoms;
often have withdrawl

Front 30

Acute or Reactive Schizophrenia

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response to a life event;
recovery is better

Front 31

Paranoia

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preoccupation with delusions or hallucinations, often with themes of persecution or grandiosity

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Disorganized

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disorganized speech or behavior, or flat or inappropriate emotion

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Catatonic

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immobility (or excessive, purposeless movement), extreme negativism, and/or parrotlike repeating of another's speech or movements

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Undifferentiated

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Many and varied symptoms

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Residual

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withdrawal, after hallucinations and delusions have disappeared

Front 36

Brain Abnormalities relating to schizophrenia

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6 times as many of a specific dopamine receptor as normal people (cause of positive symptoms?);
possible overabundance of glutamate;
shrunk cerebral cortex (cause of disordered thoughts?);
smaller thalamus (filters sensory information, creates hallucinations)

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Possible causes of schizophrenia

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low birth weight; birth complications; people conceived during famine; maternal infection during 2nd semester pregnancy; genes; older father

Front 38

Personality Disorder

Back 38

psychological disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning

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Avoidant Personality Disorder

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anxiety

Front 40

Schizoid Personality Disorder

Back 40

eccentric behavior

Front 41

Histornic Personality Disorder

Back 41

shallow, attention-getting

Front 42

Narcissistic Personality Disorder

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exaggerate own importance

Front 43

Borderline Personality Disorder

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unstable relationships, personality, emotions

Front 44

Antisocial Personality Disorderan

Back 44

a personality disorder in which the person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members May be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist;
half become antisocial adults;
unable to keep a job, irresponsible;
does not fit the profile of most criminals because most criminals care about someone;
amoral;
partly genetic;
less aroused then most people;
identified as young as three (impulsive, uninhibited, unconcerned with social rewards, low anxiety);
can be channeled into heros, adventurers, or athletes;
less frontal lobe function

Front 45

Post-Tramatic Stress Disorder

Back 45

Traumatic Stress--experiencing or witnessing severely threatening, uncontrollable events with a sense of fear, helplessness, or horror;
symptoms include haunting memories and nightmares, a numbed social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, and insomnia;
conditioned fears may remain long after we have forgotten the experiences that produced them;
once phobias and compulsions arise, reinforcement helps maintain them.