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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What percent of the Earth's surface is covered by global ocean?
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about 71 percent
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What is oceanography?
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It is a composite science that draws methods and knowledge of biology, chemistry, physics, and geology to study all aspects of the world ocean.
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What are the 4 main ocean basins?
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The Pacific ocean, the Atlantic ocean, the Indian ocean, and the Arctic ocean.
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What percent of seawater consists of dissolved mineral substances that are collectively termed at "salts?"
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3.5 percent
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What is salinity?
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The total amount of solid material dissolved in water. Or the ratio of the mass of dissolved substances to the mass of the water sample.
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What makes up 99 percent of all dissolved substances in the sea.
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sodium chloride and the next most abundant salts.
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What is outgassing?
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The escape of gases that had been dissolved in magma.
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What are the 3 layers of open ocean?
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shallow surface mixed zone, transition zone, and a deep zone
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What is thermocline?
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A layer of water in which there is a rapid change n temperature in the vertical dimension.
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What is halocline?
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A layer of water in which there is a high rate of change in salinity in the vertical dimension.
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What is bathymetry?
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The measurement of ocean depths and the charting of the shape or topography of the ocean floor.
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What is sonar?
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Instrument that uses acoustic signals (sound energy) to measure water depths. It stands for Sound Navigation And Ranging.
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What are echo sounders?
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An instrument used to determine the depth of water by measuring the time interval between emission of a sound signal and the returning of its echo from the bottom.
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What are continental margins?
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That portion of the sea floor adjacent to the continents. It may include the continental shelf, continental slope, and continental rise.
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What are the 3 major units in studying the topography of the ocean floor?
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continental margins, ocean basin floor, and oceanic (mid-ocean) ridge.
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What is the continental shelf?
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A gently sloping submerged surface extending from the shoreline toward the deep-ocean basin.
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What is the continental slope?
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A relatively steep zone that marks the boundary between continental crust and oceanic crust.
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What is the continental rise?
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The gently sloping surface at the base of the continental slope.
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What is a deep-sea fan?
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A cone-shaped deposit at the base of the continental slope. The sediment is transported to the fan by trubidity currents that follow submarine canyons.
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What are submarine canyons?
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A seaward extension of a valley that was cut on the continental shelf during a time when sea level was lower, or a canyon carved into the outer continental shelf, slope, and rise by turbidity currents.
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What are trubidity current?
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Downslope movements of dense, sediment-laden water.
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What are deep-ocean trenches?
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Long, relatively narrow troughs that are the deepest parts of the ocean.
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What are abyssal plains?
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Very level area of the deep-ocean floor, usually lying at the foot of the continental rise.
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What are seamounts?
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An isolated volcanic peak that rises at leave 1000 meters about the deep-ocean floor.
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What are guyots or tablemounts?
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A submerged flat-topped seamount.
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What can scientist study to see the world-wide climate changes?
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seafloor sediments
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What are rift valleys?
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A region of Earth's crust along which divergence is taking place.
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What does terrigeous mean?
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derived from land (from continental rocks)
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What does biogenous mean?
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derived from organisms (shells and skeletons of marine animals and algae)
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What does hydrogenous mean?
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Derived from water (minerals that crystallized from the seawater)
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