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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define Family resemblance.
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Things in a category resembling one another is a number of ways
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What is a Prototype?
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An abstract representation of the “typical” member of a category
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What describes the members of the prototype approach?
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Characteristic Features
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What makes up the category members of a prototype?
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An average of what was encountered in the past
Most salient features True to most instances in the category |
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Define high-prototypicality.
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Category member closely resembles category prototype
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What is an example of a high-prototype bird?
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Robin
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Define low-prototypicality
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Category member does not closely resemble category prototype
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What is an example of a low-prototype bird?
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Penguin
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What did Rosch and Mervis do?
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Showed that the same characteristics of a chair and sofa where legs, back, sit on…
A mirror and a telephone have less of an overlap |
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What has a strong relationship in the prototype approach?
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High prototypicality and family resemblance
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If items have a large amount of overlap with characteristics of a category then…
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Family resemblance of the items are high
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Low overlap =
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Low family resemblance
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What is the typicality effect?
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Prototypical objects are processed preferentially
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What is the sentence verification technique?
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It is where highly prototypical objects are judged more rapidly
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Prototypical category members are more affected by what?
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A priming stimulus
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What did rosch do to show a prototype?
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Hearing green primes a highly prototypical green
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What is involved in the exemplar approach?
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The concept is represented by multiple examples
Examples are actual category members (not abstract averages) To categorize, compare the new items to stored examples |
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How is the exemplar approach similar to the prototype approach?
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Representing a category is not defining it
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How is the exemplar approach different then the prototype approach?
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It gives descriptions of specific examples
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The more similar a specific exemplar is to a known category member…
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The faster it will be categorized
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What does the exemplar approach explain?
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The typicality effect
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What can the exemplar approach do over the prototype approach?
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Easily takes into account atypical cases
Easily deals with variable categories It works better for small categories |
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What can the prototype do over the exemplar approach?
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It works better for large categories
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To fully understand how people categorize objects one must consider
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Properties of objects
Learning and experiences of perceivers |
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What evidence do we have that indicated that basic-level is special?
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People almost exclusively use basic-level names in free-naming tasks
Quicker to identify basic-level category member as a member of a category Children learn basic-level concepts sooner than other levels Basic-level is much more common in adult discourse than names for subordinate categories Different cultures tend to use the same basic-level categories, at least for living things |
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How are concepts arranged?
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They are arranged in networks that represent the way concept are organized in the mind
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What did Collins and Quillian find?
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Node= category/concept
Concepts are linked Concepts and properties are associated in the mind Cognitive economy-> shared properties are only stored at higher-level nodes Exceptions are stored at lower nodes Inheritance (lower level item share properties of higher-level items |
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What are the problems with cognitive economy?
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There are exceptions to the rule
There are different reaction times depending on how many links are involved |
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What are the differences in reaction times?
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A canary is a bird -> 1 link-> less time
A canary is an animal-> 2 links-> more time |
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What is spreading activation?
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Activation is the arousal level of a node
When a node is activated, activity spreads out along all connected links Concepts that receive activation are primed and are more easily accessed from memory |
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What is lexical decision task?
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Participants read stimuli and are asked to say as quickly as possible whether the item is a word or not
“yes if both strings are words “no” if not closely related Some pairs were closely associated Reaction time was faster for closely associated (spreading activation) |
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What are myer and schvaneveldt known for?
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The lexical decision task test?
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What did criticism of colllins and Quillian say?
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Cannot explain typicality effects
Cognitive economy Some sentence-verification results are problematic for the model |
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How did Collins and loftus modify the lexical decision task?
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Shorten links to connect closely related concepts
Longer linkers for less closely related concepts No hierarchical structure; based on persons experience |
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Assessment of semantic networks
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Is predictive and explanatory of some results, but not all
Generated multiple experiments |
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How are assessments of semantic networks not falsifiable?
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No rules for determining link length or how long activation will spread
Therefore there is no experiment that would “prove wrong” Circular reasoning |
