Chap 8

Front 1

Memory

Back 1

The faculty for recalling past events and past learning

Front 2

Encoding

Back 2

A basic activity of memory, involving the recording of information in our brain

Front 3

Storage

Back 3

A basic activity of memory, involving retention of information for later use.

Front 4

Retrieval

Back 4

A basic activity of memory, involving recovery of information when beed it later.

Front 5

Information-processing model

Back 5

View of memory suggesting that information moves among three memory stores during encoding, storage, and retrieval.

Front 6

Parallel distributed-processing model (PDP) - or connectionist

Back 6

Theory of memory suggesting that information is represented in the brain as a pattern of activation across entire neural networks

Front 7

Autonomic processing

Back 7

Encoding of information with little conscious awareness or effort

Front 8

Effortful processing

Back 8

Encoding of information through careful attention and conscious effort.

Front 9

Sensory memory

Back 9

Memory involving a detailed, brief sensory image or sound retained for a brief period of time.

Front 10

Working memory

Back 10

A short-term memory store that can hold five to nine items at once

Front 11

Rehearsal

Back 11

Conscious repetition of information in an attempt to make sure the information is encoded.

Front 12

Long-term memory

Back 12

The memory system in which we hold all of the information we have previously gathered, available for retrieval and use in a new situation or task.

Front 13

Spaced practice effect

Back 13

Facilitated encoding of material through rehearsal situations spread out over time.

Front 14

Semantic code

Back 14

Cognitive representation of information or an event based on the meaning of the information.

Front 15

Mnemonic devices

Back 15

Techniques used to enhance the meaningfulness of information as a way of making them more memorable.

Front 16

Schemas

Back 16

Knowledge bases that we develop based on prior experience to similar experiences or other knowledge bases.

Front 17

Memory span

Back 17

Maximum number of items that can be recalled in the correct order.

Front 18

Chunking

Back 18

Grouping bits of information together to enhance ability to hold that information in working memory.

Front 19

Explicit memory

Back 19

Memory that a person can consciously bring to mind, such as your middle name.

Front 20

Implicit memory

Back 20

Memory that a person is not consciously aware, such as learned motor behaviors, skills, and habits.

Front 21

Semantic memory

Back 21

A person’s memory of general knowledge of the world.

Front 22

Episodic memory

Back 22

A person’s memory of personal events or episodes from his life.

Front 23

Ritual cues

Back 23

Words, sights, or other stimuli that remind us of the information we need to retrieve from our memory.

Front 24

Priming

Back 24

Activation of one piece of information, which in turns leads to activation of another piece, and ultimately to the retrieval of specific memory.

Front 25

Recognition tasks

Back 25

Memory tasks in which people are asked to identify whether or not they have seen a particular item before.

Front 26

Recall tasks

Back 26

Memory tasks un which people are asked to produce information using no or few retrieval cues.

Front 27

Context

Back 27

The original location where you first learned a concept or idea, rich with retrieval cues that will make it more likely you will be able to recall that information later if you are in that same location or context.

Front 28

Encoding specificity principles

Back 28

A theoretical framework that asserts that memory retrieval is more efficient when the information available at retrieval is similar to the information available at the time of encoding.

Front 29

State-dependent memory

Back 29

Memory retrieval facilitated by being in the same state of mind un which you encoded the memory in the first place.

Front 30

Flashbulb memories

Back 30

Detailed and near-permanent memories of an emotionally-significant event, or of the circumstances surrounding the moment we learned about the event.

Front 31

Forgetting

Back 31

The inability to recall information that was previously encoded into memory.

Front 32

Decay theory

Back 32

Theory of forgetting, suggesting that memories fade over time due to neglect or failure to access over a long period of time.

Front 33

Interference theory

Back 33

Theory that forgetting is influenced by what happens to people before or after they take information in.

Front 34

Proactive interference

Back 34

Competing information that is learned before the forgotten material, preventing its subsequent recall.

Front 35

Retroactive interference

Back 35

Learning of new information that disrupts access to previously recalled information.

Front 36

Repression

Back 36

Process in which we unconsciously prevent some traumatic events from entering our awareness so that we do not have to experience the anxiety or blows to our self-concept that the memories would bring.

Front 37

Why we distort or manufacture memories?

Back 37

- Source misattributions

-exposure to misinformation

-effects of imagination

Front 38

Source of misattributions

Back 38

We often fail to record where the information came from when we encode and store the information in long-term memory.

Front 39

Exposure to misinformation

Back 39

New information that is inaccurate or misleading can distort our recall or lead us to manufacture new memories.

Front 40

Effects of imagination

Back 40

Our own imagination can lead us to recall events that never took place.

Front 41

Source of misattributions

Back 41

Remembering information, but not the source it came from; can lead to remembering information from unreliable sources as true.

We often fail to record where the information came from when we encode and store the information in long-term memory.

Front 42

Prefrontal cortex

Back 42

Important brain structure located just behind the forehead and implicated in working memory.

Front 43

Long-term potentiation (LTP)

Back 43

A phenomenon where repeated stimulation of certain nerve cells in the brain greatly increases the likelihood that the cells will respond strongly to future stimulation.

Front 44

Prospective memory

Back 44

Ability to remember content in the future

Front 45

Retrospective memory

Back 45

Ability to remember content from the past.

Front 46

Amnestic disorders

Back 46

Organic disorders in which memory loss is the primary symptom.

Front 47

Retrograde amnesia

Back 47

Inability to remember things that occurred before an organic event.

Front 48

Anterograde amnesia

Back 48

Ongoing inability to form new memories after an amnesia-inducing event.