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249 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Jean Piaget Cognitive Devvelopment major constructs
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adaptation, mental schemes, operatins, adapted intelligence or cognitive completency, equilibirum, assimilation, accommodation
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Jean Piaget Cognitive Development Hierachial development
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1. sensorimotor: 0-2 yrs
2. preoperational: 2-7 yrs 3. concrete operations: 7-11 yrs 4. formal operations: 11-teenage yrs |
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Jean Piaget Cognitive Development maturation requirements
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organize growth (esp nervous system & endocrine glands), expereince in actions performed on objects, social interqaction & transmission, balance of opportunities for assimilation & accommodation
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Rooting
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onset: 28 wks gestation
ingrates: 3 months stimulus: stroke corner of mouth, upper lip and lower lip response: movement of tonuge, mouth, and/or head towards stimulus relevance: allows searching for and locating feeding source |
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Suck-Swallow
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onset: 28 wks gestation
integrates: 2-5 months stimulus: place examiner's index finger insdie infants mouth with head at midline response: strong rhytmical sucking relevance: allows ingestion of nourishment |
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Traction
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onset: 28 wks gestation
integrates: 2-5 months stimulus: grasp infants forearms and pull to sit response: complete flexion of UE relevance: enhances momentary reflexive grasp |
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Moro
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onset: 28 wks
integrates: 4-6 months stimulus: rapidly drop infants head backwards response: 1st phase: arm ext/abd, hand opening 2nd phase: arm flex & add Relevance: facilitates ability to depart from dominant flexor posture protective response |
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Plantar Grasp
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onset: 28 wks gestation
integrates: 9 months stimulus: apply pressure with thumb on infants ball of foot response: toe flex relevance: increase tactile input to sole of foot |
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Galant
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onset: 32 wks gestation
integrates: 2 months stimulus: hold infant in prone suspension gently scratch or tap along side the spine with finger, from shoulders to buttocks response: lat trunk flex & wrinkling of the skin on the stimulated side relevance: facilitates lat trunk movements necessary for trunk stabilization |
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Asymmetric Tonic Neck (ATNR)
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onset: 37 wks gestation
integrates at 4-6 months stimulus: fully rotate infant's head & hold for 5 seconds on the skull side relevance: promotes visual hand regard |
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Neonatal Period sensorimotor integration
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tactile, proprioceptive & vestibular inputs r critical from birth onward for hte eventual development of body scheme. Vestibular system fully developed at birth refine & impacts on infant's aroundal leve. Visual system develops as infant responds to human faces & items of high contrast placed approx 10" from face
auditory immature at birth, develops as orients to sounds and voices |
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Prenatal period sensorimotor integration
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responds first to tactile stimuli, reflex development, innate tactile, proprioceptive & vestibular rxns
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sensorimotor development mobility and stability supine position 0-3 months
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head held to 1 side, able to turn head side to side
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sensorimotor development mobility and stability supine position 3-4 months
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holds head in midline, chin tucked & neck lengthens in back, legs come together, lower back flattens against the floor
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sensorimotor development mobility and stability supine position 4-5 months
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head lag is gone when pulled to a sitting position. Hands are together in space
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sensorimotor development mobility and stability supine position 5-6 months
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lifts head I, brings feet to mouth, brings hands to feet, able to reach for toy with 1 or both hands, hands are predominantly open
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sensorimotor development mobility and stability supine position 7-8 months
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equilibrium rxns r present
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standing development 1-3 months
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when held in standing, takes some wt on legs
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standing development 2-3 months
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when held instanding, legs give away
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standing development 3-4 months
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bears some wt on legs, but must be held promximaly. Head is up in midline, no chin tuck, pelvis and hips are behind shoulders, legs r apart & turned outward
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standing development 5-10 months
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stands while holding furniture
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standing development 5-6 months
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incresed capabiliity to bear wt, decresae support needed; may be held by arms or hands, legs are still spread apart and turned outward, bounces in standing position
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standing development 6-12 months
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pulls to standing position at furniture
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standing development 8-9 months
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rotates trunk over LE, LE are more active in pulling to a standing position, pulls to standing by kneeling, then half kneeling
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standing development 9-13 months
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pulls to standing with legs only, no longer needs arms. Stands along momentarily
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standing development 12 months
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equilibrium rxns are present instanding
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Walking Development 8 months
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cruises sideways
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Walking Development 8-18 months
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walks with 2 hands held
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Walking Development 9-10 months
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cruises around furniture, turning slightly in intended direction
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Walking Development 9-17 months
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takes independent steps, falls easily
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Walking Development 10-14 months
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walking: stoops & recovers in play
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Walking Development 11 months
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walks with 1 hand held, reaches for furniture out of reach when cruising. Cruises in either direction, no hesitation
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Walking Development 15 months
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able to start & stop walking
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Walking Development 18 months
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seldom falls, runs stiftly with eyes on ground
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Release development 0-1 months
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no release; grasp reflex is strong
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Release development 1-4 months
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involuntary release
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Release development 4 months
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mutual fingering in midline
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Release development 4-8 monts
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transfer object form hand to hand
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Release development 5-6 months
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2 stage transer; taking hand grasps before releasing hand lets go
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Release development 6-7 months
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1 stage transfer; taking hand and realeasing hand performs actions, simultaneoulsy
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Release development 7-9 months
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volitional release
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Release development 7-10 months
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pressed down on surface to release
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Release development 8 months
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releases above a surface with wrist flexion
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Release development 9-10 months
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releases into a container with wrist straight
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Release development 10-14 months
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clumsy release into small container; hand rests on edge of container
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Release development 12-15 months
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precise, controlled release into small cntainer with wrist extended
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Sensorimotor Development 6-12 months
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vestibular, visual, & somatosensory responses increase in quantity and quality as infant becomes more mobile
tactile & proprioceptive perceptions more retired, allowing for development of FM & motor planning skills, responses lead to midline skills & eventual crossing auditory, tactile & proprioceptive perceptions are heightened allows for development of sounds for purpose of communication tactile & proprioceptive, gustatory & olfactory perceptions are integrated, allowing for primaqtive self-feeding |
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Sensorimotor Development 0-6 month
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vestibular, proprioceptive & visual systems integrate & lay foundation for postural control to facilitate steady visual field
tactile & proprioceptvie systems continue to be refined laying foundation for development of somatosensory skills visual & tactile system better integrate as child reaches out & grasps objects, laying foundation for eye hand coordination infant movement patterns progress from reflexive to voluntary and goal directed |
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Sensorimotor Development 2-3 years
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refinement of vestibular, proprioceptive & visual systems therefore increase blance, & postural control
increased development of tactile discrimination & localization lead to increase FM skills motor planning & praxis ideation also progress |
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Sensorimotor Development 1st trimester
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muscle starts to differenitate, tissue becomes specialized
touch & tactile system 1st sensory system to develop, response to tactile stimulus vestiubular system fxning at end of 1st trimester (not completely developed) eyelids fused, optic nerve & cup being formed tastebuds develop movement: sucking, hiccuping, fetal breathing, quick generalized limb movement, positional changes 7 1/2 wks bend neck & trunk away from perioral stroke |
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Sensorimotor Development 2nd trimester
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muscle spindle therefore motor end plate forms, clonus response to stretch
touch & tactile receptors differentiate statle to light, visual processing occurs will turn to auditory sounds movement: quickening, sleep states, grasp reflex, reciprocal & symmetrical limb movements |
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Sensorimotor Development 3rd trimester
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some muscles are mature and fxnal, others still maturing
touch fxnal, actual tempreature discrimination at end of 3rd timester, most mature sensory system at birth vision: fixation occurs, able to focus (fixed focal length) debris in middle ear, loss of eharing nasal plugs disappear, some olfactory perception can respond to different tasks movement 28 weks primitive motor reflexes, tooting, suck, swallow, palmar grasp, plantar grasp, MORO, crossed extension |
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Sensorimotor Development 3-7 years
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child challenges their sensorimotor
competencies through roughhouse play, play ground actvitities, games, sports, music, dancing, arts, crafts, household chores & school tasks therefore promoting social development & social skills |
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Sensorimotor Development 13-24 month
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tactile perception becomes more precise allowing discrimination & localization to futher refine FM skills
increase integration of all systems promotes complexity of motor planning as movement patterns expanded symbolic gesturing & vocalization promotes ideation, indicating ability to conceptualize motor planning abilities contribute to self concept as child begins to master environment |
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sensorimotor development mobility & Stability rolling 3-4 months
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rolls form prone to side accidently because of poor control of wt shift , rolls supine to side
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sensorimotor development mobility & Stability rolling 5-6 months
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rolls prone to supine, rolls supine to side with R & L leg performing independent movements rolls supine to prone with R & L leg performing I movements
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sensorimotor development mobility & Stability rolling 6-14 months
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rolls segmentally with roll initiated by the head, shoulder, or hips
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creeping development 7 months
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crawls forward on belly
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creeping development 7-10 months
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reciprocal creep
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creeping development 10-11 months
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creeps on hands & feet
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creeping development 11-12 months
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creeps well
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sitting development 0-3 months
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needs held in sitting. Head bobs in sitting, back is rounded hips are apart, turned out and bent, head is steady chin tucks; able to gaze at floor, sits with less support, hips are bent and shoulders are in front of hips
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sitting development 5-6 months
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supports self in sitting, sits alone momentrily, increase cack extenstion, sits by propping forward on arms, wide base, legs are bent, periodic use of high guard position, protective responses present wehn falling forward
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sitting development 5-10 months
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sits along, sits alone steadily, intitially with wide base of support, able to play with toys in sitting position
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sitting development 6-11 months
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gets to sitting position from prone position
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sitting development 7-8 months
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equilibirum rxns present, able to rotate upper body while lower remains stationary, protective resonses present when falling to side
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sitting development 8-10 months
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sits well w/o support, legs are closer; fully upright position knees straight, increased variety of sitting positions (wrist & side sit), difficult FM tasks may prompt return to wide base of support
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sitting development 9-18 months
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rises from supine by rolling over to prone then pushing up into 4 point position
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sitting development 10-12 months
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protective extension, backwards 1st with bent elbows then straight elbows, able to move in and out of sitting position into other positions
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sitting development 11-12 months
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trunk control & equilibrium responses are fully developed in sitting position. Further increase in variety of positions possbile
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sitting development 11-24 months
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rises from supine by 1st rolling to side then pushing up into sitting
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symmetric tonic neck (STNR)
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onset: 4-6 wks
integrates: 8-12 months stimulus: place infant in crawling position & extend the head response: flexion of hips & knees relevance: breaks up total extensor posture; facilitates static quardruped position |
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Neck Righting (NOB)
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onset: 4-6 months
integraes: 5 yrs stimulus: place infant in supine & fully turn head to one side response: log rolling of the entire body to maintain alignment with the head relevance: maintains head/body alignment; initiates rolling (1st ambulation effort) |
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body righting (on Body) (BOB)
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onset: 4-6 months
integrates: 5 yrs stimulus: place infant in supine, flex 1 hip & knee toward the chest & hold briefly response: segmental rolling of the upper trunk to maintain alignment relevance: facilitates trunk/spinal rotation |
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Downward Parachute (protective extension downward)
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onset: 4 moths
ingetrates: persists stimulus: rapidly lower infant toward supporting surface while suspended veracity response: extension of the LE relevance: allows accurate placement of LE in anticipation of a surface |
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sideward parachute (protective extension sideward)
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onset: 7 months
integrates: persists stimulus: quickly but firmly tip infant off-balance to the isde whiel in the sitting position response: arm extension, abd to the side relevance: protects body to prevent a fall; supports body for unilateral use of opposite arm |
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forward parachute (protective extension forward)
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onset: 6-9 months
integrates: persists stimulus: suddenly tip infant forward toward supporting surface while vertically suspended response: sudden extension of the UE, hand opening and neck extension relevance: allows accurate placement of UE in anticipation of supporting surface to prevent a fall |
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Backward Parachute (protective extension backward)
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onset: 9-10 months
integration: persists stimulus quickly but firmly tip infant off-balance backward response: backward arm extension, or arm extension to one side relevance: protects body to prevent a fall; unilaterally facilitate spinal rotation |
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Prone Tilting
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onset: 5 months
integrates: persists stimulus: after psitioning infant in prone, slowly raise 1 side of supporting surface response: curing of spine toward the raised side (against pull of gravity); abd & ext of arms & legs relevance: maintain equilbirium w/o arm support; facilitate postural adjustments in all positions |
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supine tiliting & sitting tiliting
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onset: 7-8 months
integrates: persists stimulus: after positioning infant in supine or sitting, slowly raise 1 side of hte support surface response: curving of the spine toward the raised side (opposite to pull of gravity); abd/ ext of arms and legs relevance: maintain equilibrium w/o arm support, facilitate postural adjustments in all positions |
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Quadruped Tilting
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onset: 9-12 months
integrates: persists stimulus: after positioning infant on all 4s, slowing raise 1 side of supporting surface response: curving spine toward the raised side, abd & ext of arms and legs relevance: maintain equilbrium w/o arm support, facilitate postural adjstments in all positions |
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Standing tilting
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onset: 12-21 months
integration: persists stimulus: after psotioning infant in standing, slwly raise 1 side of supporting surface response: curving of spine toward the raised side; abd & ext of arms and legs relevance: maintain equilbrium w/o arm support; facilitate postural adjustments in all positions |
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Landau
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onset: 3-4 months
integrates: 12-24 months stimulus: hold infant in horizontal prone suspension response: complete ext of head, trunk & extremities relevance: breaks up flexor dominance, facilitates dominance, facilitates prone ext |
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Labyrinthine/Optical (Head) righting
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onset: birth-2 months
ingetrates: persists stimulus: hold infant suspend vertically & tilt slowly (about 45) to the side, forward, or backward response: upright positoning of the head relevance: orients head in space; maintains face vertical |
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Tonic Labyrinthine- Prone
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onset: >37 wks
integrates: 6 months stimulus: place infant in prone response: increased flexor tone relevance: facilitiates total-body flexor tone |
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Tonic Labyrinthine- Supine
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onset: >37 wks
integrates: 6 months stimulus: place infant in supine response: increased extensor tone relevance: facilitates total-body extensor tone |
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Palmar Grasp
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onset: 37 wks gestation
integrates: 4-6 months stimulus: place examiner's finger in infant's palm response: finger flex; reflexive grasp relevance: increase tactile on the palm of the hand |
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Erik Erikson Psychosocial development theory 8 stages
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1. basic trust vs mistrust (ideally 0-18 months)
2. autonomy vs doubt & shame (2-4 yrs) 3. initiative vs guilt (preschool) 4. industry vs inferiority (elementary) 5. self-identity vs role diffusion (teenage yrs) 6. intimacy and solidarity vs isolation (young adulthood) 7. generativity vs self-absorption (middle adulthood) 8. integrity vs despair (maturity) |
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Lawrence Kohlberg stages of Moral development
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level I: preconventional morality (0-8 ys)
-punishment & obedience -instrumental relativism Level II: conventional morality (9-10 ys) -social conformity -law & order Level III: postconventional morality (not all acheive) -social contracts |
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Abraham Maslwo's hierachy of basic human needs
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1. philosophical: basic survial needs
2. safety: need for phsycial & physciologic security 3. love & belonging: need for affection, emotional support & gropu affiliation 4. self-esteem: need to believe in one's self as a compedent & valuable member of society 5. self-activalization: need to acheive one's personal goals, after attaining all psychosocial developmental milestones |
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manipulating skills 6-7 yrs
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complex rotation: rotation of an object 360 (ex turning a pencil over to erase)
In-hand manipulation with stabilization: several objects are held in teh hand and manipulation of 1 object occurs, while simultaneously stabilizng hte objects (ex picking up pennies with thumb and forefinger while storing them in the ulnar side of hte same hand |
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pre-writing skills 1- 11/2
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palmar-supinate grasp: held with fisted hand, wrist slightly flexed & slightly supinated away form mid-position; arm moves as a unit
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Pre-wrting skills 2-3 yrs
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digital-pronate grasp: held with fingers, wrist in neutral with slight ulnar deviation and forearm pronated; arm moves as a unit
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prewriting skills 3 1/2- 4 yrs
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static tripod posture: held with cruide approximation of thumb, index & middle fingers, ring & little fingers only slightly flexed, grasped proximately with continual adjustments by other hand, no fine localized movements of digit components; hand moves as a unit
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Pre-writing skills 4 1/2- 6 yrs
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dynamic tripod posture: held with precise oppostion of distal phalanges of thumb, index & middle fingers, ring & little fingers flexed to form a stable arch, wrist slightly extended grasped distally, MCP jts stabilized during fine, localized movements of PIP jts
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prerequisite skills for scissors use
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open & close hand
isolate or combine movements of thumb, index & middle fingers use hands bilateraly; 1 hand to use scissors, 1 to stabilize item being cut coordinate arm, hand & eye movements stablize wrist, elbow & shoulder jts so movement occurs at distal jts interact with environment in constructive developmenal play state |
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scissor use 2-3 yrs
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shows interest in scissors
holds and snips with scissors opends and closes scissors in controlled fashion |
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scissor use 3-4 yrs
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manipulates in forward motion
coordinated the lat direction of scissors cuts straight line forward cuts simple geometric shapes cutes circles (3 1/2- 4 1/2 yrs) |
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scissor use 4-6 yrs
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cuts simple figure shapes
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scissors use 6-7 yrs
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cuts complex figure shapes
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reaching skills newborn
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visual regard accompanied by swiping/batting with closed hand & abd shoulder
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stair climbing development 15 months
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creeps up stairs
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stair climbing development 18-24 months
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walks u stairs while holding on, walks down stairs while holding on
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stair climbing development 18-23 months
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creeps backwards down steps
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stair climbing development 2- 2 1/2 yrs
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walks up stairs without support, marking time, walks down stairs w/o support, marking time
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stair climbing development 2 1/2- 3 yrs
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walks u alternating feet
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stair climbing development 3- 3 1/2 yrs
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walks downstiars, alternating feet
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Jumping and hopping development 2 yrs
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jumps down from step
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Jumping and hopping development 2 1/2 yrs
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hop on 1 foot for few steps
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Jumping and hopping development 3 yrs
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jumps off floor with both feet
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Jumping and hopping development 3-5 yrs
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jumps over objects
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Jumping and hopping development 3 1/2-5 yrs
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hop on one foot
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Jumping and hopping development 3-4 yrs
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gallops, leading with 1 foot, transfering wt smoothly & evenly
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Jumping and hopping development 5 yr
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hops in straight line
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Jumping and hopping development 5-6 yrs
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skips on alternating feet, maintaining balance
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reaching skills 4 months
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hands come together at midline for bilateral reaching with shoulders abd with partial IR, forearm prontation and full finger ext
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reaching skills 6 months
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increase dissociation of body sides, allows for unilateral reaching with less, abd & IR of shoulder ahdn is open
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Reaching skills 9 months
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as trunk stability improves, shnoulder flex with slight ER, elbow ext, forearm supination and slight wrist ext begin to emerge
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Grasping skills natal
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no voluntary grasp or visual attn to object (in prone or sitting)
grasp of cube: visuallly attends to object grasp is reflexive |
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Grasping skills 3 months
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no attempt to grasp, but visually attends to the object (in prone or sitting)
grasp cube: visually attends to object & may swipe sustained voluntary grasp possible only upon contact, ulnar side used, no thumb involvement wrist flexed |
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Grasp of cube 4 months
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primitive squeeze grasp: visually attends to object, approaches if w/in 1". Contact results in hand pulling object back to squeeze precariously against hte other hand or body, no thumb involvement
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grasp of the cube 5 months
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palmar grasp: fingers on top surface of object press it into center of palm with thumb add
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grasping skills 6 months
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raking & contacting objects (in prone or sitting)
grasp of cube: radial-palmar garsp: fingers on far side of object press it against opposed thumb & radial side of palm |
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Grasping skills 7 months
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inferior-scissors (raking object into palm with add totally flexed thumb & all flexed fingers, or 2 partially extended fingers) in prone or sitting
grasp of cube: radial-palmar garsp with wrist straight |
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Grasping skills 8 months
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scissors grasp (between thumb & side of curled index finger, distal thumb jt slightly flexed, proximal thumb jt extended) in prone or sitting
grasp of cube: radial-digital grasp: object held with opposed thumb & finger tips, space visible between |
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Grasp skills 9 months
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inferior princer grasp (between ventral surfaces of thumb and index finger, distal thumb jt extended, beginning of thumb opposition) (in prone or sitting)
grasp of cube: radial-digital grasp with wrist extended |
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Grasp skills 10 months
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pincer grasp (between distal pads of thumb & index finger, distal thumb jt slightly flexed, thumb opposed) (in prone or sitting)
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Grasp Skills 12 months
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fine pincer grasp (between finger tips or fingernails, distal thumb jt flexed) (in prone or sitting)
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releasing skills 0-1 month
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no release
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releasing skills 1-4 months
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involuntary release
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releasing skills 5-6 months
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2 stage xfer
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releasing skills 6-7 months
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1 stage xfer
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releasing skills 7-9 months
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voluntary release
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releasing skills 9 months
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release by full arm ext
refinement continues to age 4 with attainment of graded release |
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bilateral hand use 0-3 months
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asymmetrical movements
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bilateral hand use 4-10 months
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symmetrical movements emerge
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bilateral hand use 12-18 movements
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uses both hands for different fxns
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bilateral hand use 18-24 months
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manipulation skills emerge
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bilateral hand use 2 1/2 yrs
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ability to use 2 different hands for 2 very different fxns emerge
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manipulation skills 12-15 months
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finger-to-palm translation (linear movement of object from fingers to the palm of the hand (ex: picking up coins)
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manipulating skills 3 yrs
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shift: a linear movement of an object on teh finger surfaces to allow for repositioning of the object relative to the finger pads (ex: separating 2 pieces of paper)
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manipulating skills 2- 2 1/2 yrs
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palm to finger translation: with stabilization, a linear movement of the object from the palm fo the hand to the fingers (ex: placing coins in a slot)
simple rotation: the turning or rolling of an object held at the finger pads apporx 90 or less (ex: unscrewing a small bottle cap) |
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Denver Developmental Screening Test II
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std task performance & observation screening tool for early identification of children @ risk for developmental delays in 4 areas (personal-social, FM adaptive, lang, & GM skills)
population: 1 month-6 yrs |
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Neurological Assessment of Pre-term & full-term New-born Infant (NAPFI)
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rating scale consisting of a brief neurological exam incorporated into routine assessment
habituation, movement & tone, refllexes & neurobheavioral resonses including state transition, leel of arousal & alertness, auditory & visual orientation, irrability, consolability & cry are assessed |
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Assessment of Premature Infants of Neonates (APIB)
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assesses infants pattern of developing behavioral organization in response to increaseing sensory & environmentall stimuli
bheavioral checklist & scale measures eye movement & asymmetrical of performance, fxn integration of physciological motor, state, attention, interactive & regulartory systems |
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Household Management 5 yrs
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puts toys away neatly, makes a sandwichi, takes out trash, makes bed, puts dirty clothes in hamper, answers telephone correctly
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household management 6 yrs
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does simple errands, does household chores w/o redoing, cleans sink, washes dishes wiht help, corsses street safely
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household management 7-9 yrs
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begins to cook simple meals, puts clean clothes away, hands up clothes, manages small amts of money, uses telephone correctly
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household management 10-12 yrs
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cooks simple meals with supervision, does simple repairs with appropriate tools, begins doing laundry, sets table, washes dishes, cares for pet with reminders
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household management 13-14 yrs
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does laundry, cooks meals
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household management 13 months
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imitates housework
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household management 2 yrs
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picks up & puts away tosy with remeinders. Copies parents domestic activities
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household managmeent 3 yrs
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carries things without dropping them, dusts with help, dries dishes with help, gardens with help, puts toys away with reminders, wipes up spills
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household management 4 yrs
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fixes dry cereal & snacks, helps with sorting laundry
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facilitate swallows
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facilitate lip closure & place slight downward pressure of spoon on middle aspect of tongue
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facilitate jaw closure
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firm upper pressure of middle finger under jaw
index & middle finger to prevent tongue thrust (press bowl of spoon downward & hold on tongue) |
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oral motor development < 33 wks gestation
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fed by nonoral means
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oral motor development 35 wks gestation
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jaw & tongue movements strong enough for feeding
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oral motor development 40 wks gestation
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rooting reflex, gag & cough reflex (up to 4 months)
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oral motor devleopment 4-5 months
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munching occurs consisting of phasic bite
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oral motor development 6 months
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strong up and down movements of tongue
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oral motor development 7-8 months
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begining mastication with diagonal jaw movement
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oral motor devleopment 9 months
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lat tongue movement able to drink form cup
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oral motor development 12 months
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jaw firm, rotary chew
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oral motor development 24 months
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able to chew most meats & raw veggies
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Exploratory Play
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0-2 yrs: engages in play expereinces through which he/she develops a body scheme. sensory integration & motor skills also develop as child explores propterities & effects of actions on object & people
child plays mostly with parents/caregivers |
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symbolic play
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12-16 mo: basic make believe play, primary involving self
12-18 mo: can project make believe paly on objects & others. uses a variety of shcmes in imitating familar activities 18-24 mo: increases use of non-realistic objects in pretending, has inanimate objects perform familiar activities engages in play experience through which he/she formulates, tests, classifies & refines ideas, feelings, & combined actions, assoc with lang devleopment, object manageable for child in therms of symbolization, control, & mastery are preferred by the child. Mostly involved in parallel play with peers & begins to become more cooperative over time |
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Creative play
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4-7 yrs: engages in sensory, motor, cog & social play experiences & refines relevant skills
explores combos of actions on multiple objects\begins to master skills that promote performance of school & work related activities participates in cooperative peer groups |
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Games
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7-12 yrs: participates in play with rules, competition, soical interaction & opportunities for development of skills
begins to participate in occperative peer groups with gravity interest in competition friends become important for validation of play items & performance while parents assist & validate in absense of peers |
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problem solving skills 48-60 months
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can build involved structures combining various planes, along with symmetrical designs
able to utilize spatial awareness, cause & effect & mental images in problem solving |
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problem solving skills 36-48 months
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can build a towe of 9 cubes, demonstrating balance & coordination
can organize objects by size & builds a structure from a mental image |
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problem solving skills 27-30 months
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begins to relate experiences to 1 another, based on logic & knowledge of previous experiences
can make a mental plan of actions w/o acting it out can see relationships between experience |
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problem solving skills 24-30 months
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can build with blocks horizontally & vertically
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problem solving 24-27 months
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child descriminates sizes
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problem solving 21-24 months
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recognizes operations of several mechanisms
matches circles, squares, triangles & manipulates objects into small opening |
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problem solving skills 18-21 months
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attends to shapes of things & uses appropriately
begins to think before acting uses tool to obtain a favored object begins to replace trial & error with though process in order to attain goal can operate mechanical toy can predict effects or presume causes |
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tolieting skills 4-5 yrs
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I with toileting
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Toiletign skills 3 yrs
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goes to BR I, seats self on toilet
may need assist with wiping may need help with fasteners or difficult clothing |
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toileting skills 2- 2 1/2
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2: urinates regularly
2 1/2: ahceives regulated toileting with occasional day time accidents rarely has BM accidents tells someone of need to void may need remidners to go to BR, may need hlep with getting on toilet |
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toileting skills 1- 1/2
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1: indicates discomfort when wet or soiled, has regular BMs
1 1/2: sits on toilet when placed there & supervised (short time) |
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Dressing skills 1 yrs
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cooperative with dressing
pulls off shoes, removes socks pushes arms through sleeves and legs through pants |
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dressing skills 2 yrs
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removes unfastened coat
remove shoes if untied helps pull down pants finds armholes in pullover shirt |
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dressing skills 2 1/2 yrs
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removes pull-down pants with elastic waist
assists in pulling on socks puts on front button coat or shirt unbuttons lg buttons |
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Bayley Scales of Infant Development 3rd ed (BSID-III)
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std rating scales that assess multiple areas of dvelopment to attain a baseline for intervention 7 to monitor progress (cog, lang, & motor, social-emotional & adaptive behavior skills)
population: 1-42 months |
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Pediatric Eval of Disability Inventory (PEDI)
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std behavior checklist and rating scale that assesses capabilities and detects fxnal deficits, to dtermine developmental level, monitor child's progress and/or complete a program eval
pop: 6 months- 7 yrs |
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First Step Screening for Evaluating preschoolers
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checklist & rating scale which identifies preschool students @ risk & in need of more comprehensive eval (assessed cog, communication, physcial, social & emotional, & adaptive fxning
optimal scoial emotional rating scale optimal adaptive bheavior checklist optimal parent/teacher scale pop= 2 yrs 9 months- 6 yrs 2 months |
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Hawaii Early Learning Profile Revised (HELP)
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non std sclae of developmental levles test 6 areas of fxn: cog, lang, GM, FM, social-emotional & self-help
pop: birth - 3 yrs with developmental delay, disabilities or at risk, HELP for preschoolers is avaliable for kids 3-6 with or w/o delays |
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Miller Assessment for Preschoolers (MAP)
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std task performance screening tool that assesses sensory & motor abilities consisting of foundation & coordination indexes, cog abiities including verbal & non-verbal indexes & combined abilities that include complex tasks index
pop: 2 yr 9 mo- 5 yr 8 mo |
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Self feeding 5-7 mo
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takes cereal or poured baby food from spoon
has good head stability & emerging sitting abilities; reaches & grasp toys; explores & tolerates various textures; puts objects in mouth attends to effect produced by actions, such as hitting or shaking plays with caregiver during meals & engages in interactive routines |
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moSelf-feeding 6-9 mo
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holds & tries to eat cracker but sucks on it more than bites it; consumes soft foods that dissolbe in the mouth; grabs at spoon but bangs on it or sucks on ends
good sitting stability emerges; able to use hands to manipulate small parts of rattle; guided reach & palmar grasp applied to hand to mouth actions with objects uses familar actions intitialy with halfhazard variation; soley noveling & is anxious to explore objects Recongizes strangers, emerging of sense of self |
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Dressing skills 3yrs
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puts on pull over shirt with min A
puts on shoes w/o fasteners (may be wrong foot) puts on socks (may have feel on top) I pulls down pants zips & unzips jacket once on track needs A to remove pullover shirt buttons lg front buttons |
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Dressing skills 3 1/2yrs
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finds front of clothing
snaps or hooks front fasteners unzips front zipper on jacket separates zipper puts on mittens buttons series of 3-4 buttons unbuckles shoes or belt dresses with supervision (needs help with front and back) |
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Dressing skills 4 yrs
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removes pull over garment I
buckles shoes or belt zips jacket zipper puts socks on correctly puts on shoes with assist in tying laces shoes consistently identifies fron 4 1/2 puts belt in loops |
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dressing skills 5 yrs
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ties & unties knots
dresses unsupervised |
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Dressing Skills 6 yrs
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closes back zipper
ties bows unbuttons back buttons snaps back snaps |
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renal urogential age related changes
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kidneys: loss of mass totoal wt with nephron atrophy, decrease renal blood flow, decrease filtration
bladder: muslce weakness, decreased capacity causing urinary frequency; difficulty with empyting causing incresed retention, increased likelihood of UTIs |
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Gasdtrointestinal Changes of older adults
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decrease salvation, taste & smell, inadequate chewing, poor swallowing reflex therefore poor delayed taste, nutritional and eficiencies
esophagus: reduced mobility & control over sphincter, acid reflex & heart burn, hiatal hernia stomach: decrease mobility, delayed gastric emptying, decrease digestive enzymes & hydrochoric acid, decrease digestion & absorption, indegestion common decrease intestinal motility: constipation common |
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Integumentary Age related changes
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dermis thins with loss of elastin
decrease vasularity, vascular fragility results, easy burning decrease sebaceous activity and decline in jydration appearnace : skin appears dry, wrinkled, yellow & inelastic, aging spots appear thinning & graying of ahir due to vascular insufficency and decrease melonin production nails grow slower become brittle & thick less effective as protective barrier |
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cardiovascular system changes in older adults
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due to inactivity & disease more than age
degeneration of heart muscle with accomulation of lipoluscions; mild cardia hyptertrophy left ventrical decrase coronary blood flow cardiac valves thicken & stiffen changes in conduction system (loss of pacemaker cells in SA node) changes in blood vessels resting BP rise (more with systolic) decline in neurohumeral control, decrdase responsiveness of all organs to beta-adrengic stimulation of baroreceptors decrease blood volume, hemopoietic activity of bone increase blood coagulability |
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Pulmonary System Age-related Changes
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chest wall stiffens, decrase strength of respiratory msucles
loss of lung elastic recoil= decrese lung compentence changes in lung parenchyma (fever capillaires for delivery of blood) changes in pulmonary blood vessels, less distensible decrease in total lung capacity, residual volume increases, vital capacity decrease forced expiratory volume decrease altered pulmonary gas exchange (O2 tension decreases) blunted ventilatory response of chemoreceptors responsive to respiartory acidosis, decrese hemostatic responses blurred defensive/immune responses, decrease ciliary actions, decrease secretory immunoglobins, alvelar phagocyte fxn |
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Cognitive change in older adults
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no uniform decline
tasks involving perceptual speed show early declines (39 yrs) neuronic ability peak 40s, maintainl until 60s memory impairmetns tend to be in short term |
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Sensory system changes in older adults
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loss of fxn of senses
vision: general decline in VA, mediciens can impaire or fuzzy vision as well hearing: changes may begin as early as 40, some pathologies decrease hearing (osteosclerosis, Pajet's diseases and hypothyroidism) vestibular/balance control: degernerative changes in otocorincal, urticle & scaude, loss of vestibular neurons, VOR gain decrease begins at 30. Also due to pathologies: meniere's disease, benign peroxysmal postiional vertigo, medications, cerebrovascular disease, cerebellar dysfunction, migraine, cardiac disease somatosensory: decrese sensitivity of touch, proprioceptive losses, loss of jt receptor sensitivity, cutaneous pain thresholds increase -diabetes, peripheral neuropathy, CVA, central sensory losses, peripheral vascular disease, peripheral ischema also contribute to changes taste & smell: gradual decline in taste senstivity, decrease smell sensitivity -smoking, chroic allergies, respiratory infections, dentures, CVA, involvement of hypoglossal nerve contribute to changes |
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Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo (BPPV)
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brief episodes of vertigo (less than 1 min) associated with position change, the result of degeneration of the utricular otocania that settle on the cuula of the posterior semicircular cnal, common in older adults
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Presbycusis hearing loss
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sensorneural healring loss associated with middle & older ages; characterized by bilateral hearing loss, esp at high frequencies at 1st then all frequencies, poor auditory discrimination & comprehension, esp background noise, tinnitus
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Meniere's disease
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episodic attacks characterized by tinnitus, dizziness, & sensation of fullness or pressure in ears, may experience sensorineural hearing loss
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Environmental Theories of Aging
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stochastic or non-genetic theories
-aging caused by an accumulation of insults from enviroment -environmental toxins include (UV, cross-linking agents, toxic chemicals, radiation, viruses) -can result in erros in protein synthesis & in DNA syngthesis/genetic sequence (error theory), cross linkage of molecule, mutations |
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Psychological theories of Aging
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-stress theory: homeostatic imbalances result in changes in structural & chemical composition (general adaptation, syndrome)
-Erickson's bipolar theory of lifespan developmental stages of later adulthood -sociological theories: life experience/lifestyles influence aging process (activity theory & disengagement theory, & dependency) |
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Skeletal System Changes & adaptation in older adults
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-cartilage changes: becomes stiffer, framents & erods
-loss of bone mass & density: peaks at 40 then steadily declines -intervertebral discs: flattens, less resilent due to loss of water content & loss of collagen elasticity; runk length overall declines -senile postural changes (forward head, kyphosis of thoracic spione, flattening of lumbar spine, contractures secondary to prolonged sitting (hip and knee flexion) |
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neurological system changes & adaptations of older adults
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atrophy of nerve cells in cerebral cortex
changes in brain morphology -gyral atrophy (narrowing & flattening of gyri with widening of sulci) -ventricular dilation -genearlized cell loss in cerebral cortex (esp frontal & temporal lobe) -prescence of lipofusions, senile or neurotic plaques & neurofibrillary tangles -selective cell loss in basal ganglia, cerebellum, hipocampus, locus coreculous, brainstem are affected decrease cerebral blood flow and energy metabolism changes in synoptic transmission changes in spinal cord/peripheral nerves age-related tremors |
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presbyopia
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visual loss in middle & older ages characterized by inability to focus properly & blurred images due to loss of accommodation, elasticity of lens
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homonymous hemionopsia (CVA)
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loss of 1/2 visual field in each eye (nasal half of 1 eye & temporal half in other eye) creates inability to recall info from R or L side; corresponds to side of sensorimotor deficit
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conductive hearing loss
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mechanical hearing loss from damage to external auditory canal, tympanic membrane or middle ear ossicles, results in hearing loss (all frequencies, tinnitus may be present)
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sensorineural hearing loss
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central or neural hearing loss from multiple factors
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self-feeding 6-8 mo
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attempts to hold bottle but may not retrieve it if it falls; needs to be monitored for afety reasons
object permenace is emerging & infant anticipates spoon or bottle easily distracted by stimuli in the environment |
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self-feeing 9-13 mo
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finger-feeds small portion of soft table fooods & objects if fed by adult
uses various graps on objects of different sizes, able to isolate radial fingers onsmaller objects increase organization & sequencing of shcmees to do desired act, may have difficulty attending to events outside visual space prefers to act an objects than be passive observer |
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self-feeding 12-14 mo
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dips spoon in food, brings to mouth but spills food by inverting spoon before it goes into mouth
begins to place and release objects; liekly to use prontated group on objects like crayon or spoon recognizes objects have fxn & uses tools appropriately; relates objects together, shifting attn among them has interest in watching family routines |
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self-feeding 15-18 mo
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scoops food with spoon & brings to mouth
shoulder & wrist stability demonstrate precise movements experiments to learn rules of how objects work, actively solve problems by creating new actions & solutions internatual sts imposed by others for how to play with objects |
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self-feeing 24-30mo
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demonstrate interest in using fork; may stab at food
proficient at spoon use & eats cereal with milk or rice with gravey with utensils tolrates various foods textures in mouth; adjusts movements to be efficient express wants verbally, demonstrates imitaton of short sequence of occupation increse deire to coopy peers; looks to adults to see if they appreciate sucess in an occupation, interested in household routines |
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Bruninks-Oseretsly Test of Motor Proficiency 2nd ed (BOT-2)
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std test to assess & provide index of overall motor profficiency; FM & GM composties, including consideration of speed, duration, & accuracy of performance & hand/foot preference
- 8 subtests: FM precison, FM integration, manual dexterity, bilateral coordination, blance, running speed of agility, upper limb coordination long & short tests forms pop: 4 yrs -21 yrs |
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Erhardt Developmental Prehension Assessment (EPPA)
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observation checklist based on performance to assess 3 areas (involuntary arm-hand patterns, voluntary movement of approach, prewritting)
allows charting & monitoring of prehensile deficit 341 test components pop: children of all ages, cog levels with neurodevelopmental disorders |
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Erhard Developmetnal prehension Assessment Revised & short screening Form (EPPA-S)
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observation checklist based on performance of 3 areas (involuntary arm-hand patterns, voluntary moements of approach & prewritting skills)
identifies developmental gaps in prehensile development and need for further assessment 128 test components pop: children of all ages, cog levels with neurodevelopmental disorders |
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Peabody Developmental motor scales 2nd ed (PDMS-2)
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std rating scales of GM & FM development, meaures reflexes, sustained control, locomotion, object manipulation, grapoing & visual motor integration
pop: birth-6 yrs with motor, speech-lang and/or hearing disorder |
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Toddler & Infant Motor Eval (TIME)
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assess quality of movement, 5 primary subtests (mobility, stability, motor organization, social/emotional abiliteis & fxnal performance)
pop: birth-3 yrs 6 mo |
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Beery-Buktonica Developmental Test of Visual Motor Integration 5th ed (Beery VMI-5)
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assess visual motor integration
Pop: short form 2yrs-7yrs full form: 2 yrs -18 yrs |
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Developmental test of visual perception 2nd ed (DTVP-2) & Developmental Test of visual perception-adolescent and adult (DTVP-A)
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assess visual perceptual skills & visual motor integration for levels of perfomrance & for designing interventiosn & monitoring progress)
DTVP-2: 8 subtests (eye-hand coordination, copying, spatial relations, visual-motor speed, position in space, figure-groudn, visual clsure, form-consistency DTVP-A: 4 subtests (visual motor integration, composite index, motor-reduced visual perception composite index) pop: 4 yrs -10 yrs (DTVP-2) DTVP0A: 11 yrs- 74 yrs |
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Erhardt Developmental Vision Assessment (EDVA) & Short screening form (EDVA-S)
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behavior rating scale to determine visuomotor developmetn that assess involuntary visual patterns including eyelid reflexes, pupillary naris, doll's eye responses, & voluntary patterns including fixation, localization, ocular pursuit & gaze shift
pop: birth-6 mo (EDVA-S can be used for assessing older children) |
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Preschool visual motor Integration Assessment (PVMIA)
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std norm referenced assessment which evals visual motor integration & visual perceptual skills of preschoolers, including perception in space, awareness of spatial relationships, colr & space discrimination, matching 2 attributes, simultaneously & the ability to reproduce what's seen & interpretation. Impairment determine if score below 80 & percentile scores below 25
pop: preschoolers aged 3 1/2- 5 1/2 yrs |
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Motor-Free Visual Perception Test (MVPT-3)
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std, quick eval to assess visual perception in 5 areas (spatial relationships, visual discrimination, figure-ground, visual closure, & visual memory) 4-10 yrs given items 1-40; 10 yrs+ items 41-65
pop: 4 yrs-95 yrs |
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Motor-free visual perception test-vertical (MVPT-V)
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eval of individuals with spatial deficits due to hemi-field visual nelect or abnomral visual saccades. Assess spatial relationships, visual discrimination, figure-ground, visual closure, & visual memory (exluding motor components)
pop: children & adults with visual field cuts or w/o visual imparements -appropriate for TBI cuz reduces confounding variables |
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Test of Visual-Motor Skills (TVMS) & test of visual motor skills: upper level (TVMS-UL)
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assesses eye hand coordination skills for copying geometric desgins
TVMS: 23 geometric forms scored for 8 possible errors TVMS: UL: 16 geometric fomrs scored for 9-22 possible errors in motor accuracy, motor control, motor coordination & psychomotor speed Pop: TVMS: 2 yrs-13 yrs TVMS:UL: 12yrs -40 yrs |
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Test of Visual Perceptual Skills 3rd ed (TVPS3)
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assess visual perceptual skills & differenitals motor dysfunction, as a motor response not required
7 visual perceptual skills (visual desicrimination, visual memory, visual-spatial relationships, visual form consitency, visual sequential memory, visual figure-ground & visual closure are assessed) visual perceptual problems when score below 80 and percentile below 25 pop: 4 yrs- 19 yrs |
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Sensory Profile (SP) & Infant/Toddler SP
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meaures rxns to daily sensory expriences
Pop: SP= 3-10 yrs Infant/Toddler SP: birth -36 mo |
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Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS)
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determines severity of autism & doing roles child with autism from chidren with developmental delays w/o autism
to 30= no autism 30-36.5= mild-mod autism 37-60= severe autism pop: children over 2 yrs with autism |
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Sensory Profile (SP) Adolescent/ Adult SP
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allows clients to identify personal behavior responses & develop strategies for enhance participation
pop: 11-65 yrs |
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Coping Inventory & Early Coping Inventory
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asseess coping habits, skills & bheaviors including effectivess, style, strengths & vulnerabilties to develop plans for coping skills
-coping inventory (3 categories of coping: productive, active & flexible) -early coping inventory: assess effectivenss of bheaviors according to sensorimotor organization, reactive behavior & self-initiated behavior pop: coping inventory= 15 yrs + early coping inventory: 4 mo-36 mo |
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Play History
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assess paly behavior and play opportunities
pop: children & adolescent |
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Revised Knox Preschool play scale (RKPPS)
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observation of play skills to differentiate developmental play abilities, strengths & weaknesses & interest areas
2-10 min sessions completed in & outdoors assessed space management, madivial management, pretense/symbolic & participation pop: 0-6 yrs |
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Test of Playfulness (TOP)
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assess a child's playfulness based on observations according to 4 aspects of play (intrinsic motivation, internal control, disengagement from constraints of reality & franing
pop: 15 mo-10 yrs |
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transdiciplinary Play-Based Assessment (TPBA)
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measures child's development, learning style, interaction patterns, & behaviors to determine need for services
pop: infancy-6 yrs |
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Participation Scale (P scale) version 6
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measure of restrictions in social participation related to community mobility, access to work, recreation, & social interaction with family, peers, neighbors, etc
addressing 9 domains of participation identifed in international classifications of fxn, disability & health pop: 15 yrs + |
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School Fxn Assessment (SFA)
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assesses & monitors fxnal performance in order to promote participation in school environment
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Haughurst
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6 stages of development with specific developmental tasks (current society obtains tasks at slower rate)
-infancy & childhood -middle childhood -adolescence -early adulthood -middle adulthood -later adulthood |
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Lela Llorens
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horizontal development & longitudinal/ chronological development must occur simultaneously for normal development
OT to facilitate with development & assist with mastery of like tasks & cope with life expectations |
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Anne Mosey
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Development of adaptive skills, essential learned bheaviors, is considered critical for successful participation in occupational performance
-sensory integration of vestibular, proprioceptive & tactile info for fxnal use - cogntive skill -syadic interaction skill -group itneraction skills -self-identity skills -sexual identity skill |
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Senescence
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weakening of body at gradual but steady pace during the last stages of adulthood thru death
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Categories of Elderly
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young elderly: 65-74 yrs
old elderly: 75-84 yrs oldest elderly: > 85 yrs |
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Hutchinson-Gilford Syndrome
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progeria of childhood
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Werner's Syndrome
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Progeria of young adults
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Biological Theories of aging
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-genetic: rinsic to organism, genes are programmed to modulate aging changes, overall rate of progression
-doubling/biolgic clock: (Hylick limit theory): fxnal deterioration w/in cells is due to limited # of genetically programmed cell doubling (cell replication) -free radial theory: free raicals are highly reactive & toxic forms of O2 produced by cell mitrochondria -cell mutation (intrensic mutagensis): errors in synthesesis of proteins (DNA/RNA) lead to expoential cascade of abnormal proteins & aging changes -hormonal theory: fxnal decrements in neurons & their association hormones lead to aging changes -immunitgy theory: thymus size decrases stimuli by puberty becomes less fxnal, bone marrow overall efficiently decreses, result in steady decine in immune response during adulthood |