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249 Cards in this Set

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Jean Piaget Cognitive Devvelopment major constructs
adaptation, mental schemes, operatins, adapted intelligence or cognitive completency, equilibirum, assimilation, accommodation
Jean Piaget Cognitive Development Hierachial development
1. sensorimotor: 0-2 yrs
2. preoperational: 2-7 yrs
3. concrete operations: 7-11 yrs
4. formal operations: 11-teenage yrs
Jean Piaget Cognitive Development maturation requirements
organize growth (esp nervous system & endocrine glands), expereince in actions performed on objects, social interqaction & transmission, balance of opportunities for assimilation & accommodation
Rooting
onset: 28 wks gestation
ingrates: 3 months
stimulus: stroke corner of mouth, upper lip and lower lip
response: movement of tonuge, mouth, and/or head towards stimulus
relevance: allows searching for and locating feeding source
Suck-Swallow
onset: 28 wks gestation
integrates: 2-5 months
stimulus: place examiner's index finger insdie infants mouth with head at midline
response: strong rhytmical sucking
relevance: allows ingestion of nourishment
Traction
onset: 28 wks gestation
integrates: 2-5 months
stimulus: grasp infants forearms and pull to sit
response: complete flexion of UE
relevance: enhances momentary reflexive grasp
Moro
onset: 28 wks
integrates: 4-6 months
stimulus: rapidly drop infants head backwards
response: 1st phase: arm ext/abd, hand opening
2nd phase: arm flex & add
Relevance: facilitates ability to depart from dominant flexor posture protective response
Plantar Grasp
onset: 28 wks gestation
integrates: 9 months
stimulus: apply pressure with thumb on infants ball of foot
response: toe flex
relevance: increase tactile input to sole of foot
Galant
onset: 32 wks gestation
integrates: 2 months
stimulus: hold infant in prone suspension gently scratch or tap along side the spine with finger, from shoulders to buttocks
response: lat trunk flex & wrinkling of the skin on the stimulated side
relevance: facilitates lat trunk movements necessary for trunk stabilization
Asymmetric Tonic Neck (ATNR)
onset: 37 wks gestation
integrates at 4-6 months
stimulus: fully rotate infant's head & hold for 5 seconds on the skull side
relevance: promotes visual hand regard
onset: 37 wks gestation
integrates at 4-6 months
stimulus: fully rotate infant's head & hold for 5 seconds on the skull side
relevance: promotes visual hand regard
Neonatal Period sensorimotor integration
tactile, proprioceptive & vestibular inputs r critical from birth onward for hte eventual development of body scheme. Vestibular system fully developed at birth refine & impacts on infant's aroundal leve. Visual system develops as infant responds to human faces & items of high contrast placed approx 10" from face
auditory immature at birth, develops as orients to sounds and voices
Prenatal period sensorimotor integration
responds first to tactile stimuli, reflex development, innate tactile, proprioceptive & vestibular rxns
sensorimotor development mobility and stability supine position 0-3 months
head held to 1 side, able to turn head side to side
sensorimotor development mobility and stability supine position 3-4 months
holds head in midline, chin tucked & neck lengthens in back, legs come together, lower back flattens against the floor
sensorimotor development mobility and stability supine position 4-5 months
head lag is gone when pulled to a sitting position. Hands are together in space
sensorimotor development mobility and stability supine position 5-6 months
lifts head I, brings feet to mouth, brings hands to feet, able to reach for toy with 1 or both hands, hands are predominantly open
sensorimotor development mobility and stability supine position 7-8 months
equilibrium rxns r present
standing development 1-3 months
when held in standing, takes some wt on legs
standing development 2-3 months
when held instanding, legs give away
standing development 3-4 months
bears some wt on legs, but must be held promximaly. Head is up in midline, no chin tuck, pelvis and hips are behind shoulders, legs r apart & turned outward
standing development 5-10 months
stands while holding furniture
standing development 5-6 months
incresed capabiliity to bear wt, decresae support needed; may be held by arms or hands, legs are still spread apart and turned outward, bounces in standing position
standing development 6-12 months
pulls to standing position at furniture
standing development 8-9 months
rotates trunk over LE, LE are more active in pulling to a standing position, pulls to standing by kneeling, then half kneeling
standing development 9-13 months
pulls to standing with legs only, no longer needs arms. Stands along momentarily
standing development 12 months
equilibrium rxns are present instanding
Walking Development 8 months
cruises sideways
Walking Development 8-18 months
walks with 2 hands held
Walking Development 9-10 months
cruises around furniture, turning slightly in intended direction
Walking Development 9-17 months
takes independent steps, falls easily
Walking Development 10-14 months
walking: stoops & recovers in play
Walking Development 11 months
walks with 1 hand held, reaches for furniture out of reach when cruising. Cruises in either direction, no hesitation
Walking Development 15 months
able to start & stop walking
Walking Development 18 months
seldom falls, runs stiftly with eyes on ground
Release development 0-1 months
no release; grasp reflex is strong
Release development 1-4 months
involuntary release
Release development 4 months
mutual fingering in midline
Release development 4-8 monts
transfer object form hand to hand
Release development 5-6 months
2 stage transer; taking hand grasps before releasing hand lets go
Release development 6-7 months
1 stage transfer; taking hand and realeasing hand performs actions, simultaneoulsy
Release development 7-9 months
volitional release
Release development 7-10 months
pressed down on surface to release
Release development 8 months
releases above a surface with wrist flexion
Release development 9-10 months
releases into a container with wrist straight
Release development 10-14 months
clumsy release into small container; hand rests on edge of container
Release development 12-15 months
precise, controlled release into small cntainer with wrist extended
Sensorimotor Development 6-12 months
vestibular, visual, & somatosensory responses increase in quantity and quality as infant becomes more mobile
tactile & proprioceptive perceptions more retired, allowing for development of FM & motor planning skills, responses lead to midline skills & eventual crossing
auditory, tactile & proprioceptive perceptions are heightened allows for development of sounds for purpose of communication
tactile & proprioceptive, gustatory & olfactory perceptions are integrated, allowing for primaqtive self-feeding
Sensorimotor Development 0-6 month
vestibular, proprioceptive & visual systems integrate & lay foundation for postural control to facilitate steady visual field
tactile & proprioceptvie systems continue to be refined laying foundation for development of somatosensory skills
visual & tactile system better integrate as child reaches out & grasps objects, laying foundation for eye hand coordination
infant movement patterns progress from reflexive to voluntary and goal directed
Sensorimotor Development 2-3 years
refinement of vestibular, proprioceptive & visual systems therefore increase blance, & postural control
increased development of tactile discrimination & localization lead to increase FM skills
motor planning & praxis ideation also progress
Sensorimotor Development 1st trimester
muscle starts to differenitate, tissue becomes specialized
touch & tactile system 1st sensory system to develop, response to tactile stimulus
vestiubular system fxning at end of 1st trimester (not completely developed)
eyelids fused, optic nerve & cup being formed
tastebuds develop
movement: sucking, hiccuping, fetal breathing, quick generalized limb movement, positional changes 7 1/2 wks bend neck & trunk away from perioral stroke
Sensorimotor Development 2nd trimester
muscle spindle therefore motor end plate forms, clonus response to stretch
touch & tactile receptors differentiate
statle to light, visual processing occurs
will turn to auditory sounds
movement: quickening, sleep states, grasp reflex, reciprocal & symmetrical limb movements
Sensorimotor Development 3rd trimester
some muscles are mature and fxnal, others still maturing
touch fxnal, actual tempreature discrimination at end of 3rd timester, most mature sensory system at birth
vision: fixation occurs, able to focus (fixed focal length)
debris in middle ear, loss of eharing
nasal plugs disappear, some olfactory perception
can respond to different tasks
movement 28 weks primitive motor reflexes, tooting, suck, swallow, palmar grasp, plantar grasp, MORO, crossed extension
Sensorimotor Development 3-7 years
child challenges their sensorimotor
competencies through roughhouse play, play ground actvitities, games, sports, music, dancing, arts, crafts, household chores & school tasks therefore promoting social development & social skills
Sensorimotor Development 13-24 month
tactile perception becomes more precise allowing discrimination & localization to futher refine FM skills
increase integration of all systems promotes complexity of motor planning as movement patterns expanded
symbolic gesturing & vocalization promotes ideation, indicating ability to conceptualize
motor planning abilities contribute to self concept as child begins to master environment
sensorimotor development mobility & Stability rolling 3-4 months
rolls form prone to side accidently because of poor control of wt shift , rolls supine to side
sensorimotor development mobility & Stability rolling 5-6 months
rolls prone to supine, rolls supine to side with R & L leg performing independent movements rolls supine to prone with R & L leg performing I movements
sensorimotor development mobility & Stability rolling 6-14 months
rolls segmentally with roll initiated by the head, shoulder, or hips
creeping development 7 months
crawls forward on belly
creeping development 7-10 months
reciprocal creep
creeping development 10-11 months
creeps on hands & feet
creeping development 11-12 months
creeps well
sitting development 0-3 months
needs held in sitting. Head bobs in sitting, back is rounded hips are apart, turned out and bent, head is steady chin tucks; able to gaze at floor, sits with less support, hips are bent and shoulders are in front of hips
sitting development 5-6 months
supports self in sitting, sits alone momentrily, increase cack extenstion, sits by propping forward on arms, wide base, legs are bent, periodic use of high guard position, protective responses present wehn falling forward
sitting development 5-10 months
sits along, sits alone steadily, intitially with wide base of support, able to play with toys in sitting position
sitting development 6-11 months
gets to sitting position from prone position
sitting development 7-8 months
equilibirum rxns present, able to rotate upper body while lower remains stationary, protective resonses present when falling to side
sitting development 8-10 months
sits well w/o support, legs are closer; fully upright position knees straight, increased variety of sitting positions (wrist & side sit), difficult FM tasks may prompt return to wide base of support
sitting development 9-18 months
rises from supine by rolling over to prone then pushing up into 4 point position
sitting development 10-12 months
protective extension, backwards 1st with bent elbows then straight elbows, able to move in and out of sitting position into other positions
sitting development 11-12 months
trunk control & equilibrium responses are fully developed in sitting position. Further increase in variety of positions possbile
sitting development 11-24 months
rises from supine by 1st rolling to side then pushing up into sitting
symmetric tonic neck (STNR)
onset: 4-6 wks
integrates: 8-12 months
stimulus: place infant in crawling position & extend the head
response: flexion of hips & knees
relevance: breaks up total extensor posture; facilitates static quardruped position
Neck Righting (NOB)
onset: 4-6 months
integraes: 5 yrs
stimulus: place infant in supine & fully turn head to one side
response: log rolling of the entire body to maintain alignment with the head
relevance: maintains head/body alignment; initiates rolling (1st ambulation effort)
body righting (on Body) (BOB)
onset: 4-6 months
integrates: 5 yrs
stimulus: place infant in supine, flex 1 hip & knee toward the chest & hold briefly
response: segmental rolling of the upper trunk to maintain alignment
relevance: facilitates trunk/spinal rotation
Downward Parachute (protective extension downward)
onset: 4 moths
ingetrates: persists
stimulus: rapidly lower infant toward supporting surface while suspended veracity
response: extension of the LE
relevance: allows accurate placement of LE in anticipation of a surface
sideward parachute (protective extension sideward)
onset: 7 months
integrates: persists
stimulus: quickly but firmly tip infant off-balance to the isde whiel in the sitting position
response: arm extension, abd to the side
relevance: protects body to prevent a fall; supports body for unilateral use of opposite arm
forward parachute (protective extension forward)
onset: 6-9 months
integrates: persists
stimulus: suddenly tip infant forward toward supporting surface while vertically suspended
response: sudden extension of the UE, hand opening and neck extension
relevance: allows accurate placement of UE in anticipation of supporting surface to prevent a fall
Backward Parachute (protective extension backward)
onset: 9-10 months
integration: persists
stimulus quickly but firmly tip infant off-balance backward
response: backward arm extension, or arm extension to one side
relevance: protects body to prevent a fall; unilaterally facilitate spinal rotation
Prone Tilting
onset: 5 months
integrates: persists
stimulus: after psitioning infant in prone, slowly raise 1 side of supporting surface
response: curing of spine toward the raised side (against pull of gravity); abd & ext of arms & legs
relevance: maintain equilbirium w/o arm support; facilitate postural adjustments in all positions
supine tiliting & sitting tiliting
onset: 7-8 months
integrates: persists
stimulus: after positioning infant in supine or sitting, slowly raise 1 side of hte support surface
response: curving of the spine toward the raised side (opposite to pull of gravity); abd/ ext of arms and legs
relevance: maintain equilibrium w/o arm support, facilitate postural adjustments in all positions
Quadruped Tilting
onset: 9-12 months
integrates: persists
stimulus: after positioning infant on all 4s, slowing raise 1 side of supporting surface
response: curving spine toward the raised side, abd & ext of arms and legs
relevance: maintain equilbrium w/o arm support, facilitate postural adjstments in all positions
Standing tilting
onset: 12-21 months
integration: persists
stimulus: after psotioning infant in standing, slwly raise 1 side of supporting surface
response: curving of spine toward the raised side; abd & ext of arms and legs
relevance: maintain equilbrium w/o arm support; facilitate postural adjustments in all positions
Landau
onset: 3-4 months
integrates: 12-24 months
stimulus: hold infant in horizontal prone suspension
response: complete ext of head, trunk & extremities
relevance: breaks up flexor dominance, facilitates dominance, facilitates prone ext
Labyrinthine/Optical (Head) righting
onset: birth-2 months
ingetrates: persists
stimulus: hold infant suspend vertically & tilt slowly (about 45) to the side, forward, or backward
response: upright positoning of the head
relevance: orients head in space; maintains face vertical
Tonic Labyrinthine- Prone
onset: >37 wks
integrates: 6 months
stimulus: place infant in prone
response: increased flexor tone
relevance: facilitiates total-body flexor tone
Tonic Labyrinthine- Supine
onset: >37 wks
integrates: 6 months
stimulus: place infant in supine
response: increased extensor tone
relevance: facilitates total-body extensor tone
Palmar Grasp
onset: 37 wks gestation
integrates: 4-6 months
stimulus: place examiner's finger in infant's palm
response: finger flex; reflexive grasp
relevance: increase tactile on the palm of the hand
onset: 37 wks gestation
integrates: 4-6 months
stimulus: place examiner's finger in infant's palm
response: finger flex; reflexive grasp
relevance: increase tactile on the palm of the hand
Erik Erikson Psychosocial development theory 8 stages
1. basic trust vs mistrust (ideally 0-18 months)
2. autonomy vs doubt & shame (2-4 yrs)
3. initiative vs guilt (preschool)
4. industry vs inferiority (elementary)
5. self-identity vs role diffusion (teenage yrs)
6. intimacy and solidarity vs isolation (young adulthood)
7. generativity vs self-absorption (middle adulthood)
8. integrity vs despair (maturity)
Lawrence Kohlberg stages of Moral development
level I: preconventional morality (0-8 ys)
-punishment & obedience
-instrumental relativism
Level II: conventional morality (9-10 ys)
-social conformity
-law & order
Level III: postconventional morality (not all acheive)
-social contracts
Abraham Maslwo's hierachy of basic human needs
1. philosophical: basic survial needs
2. safety: need for phsycial & physciologic security
3. love & belonging: need for affection, emotional support & gropu affiliation
4. self-esteem: need to believe in one's self as a compedent & valuable member of society
5. self-activalization: need to acheive one's personal goals, after attaining all psychosocial developmental milestones
manipulating skills 6-7 yrs
complex rotation: rotation of an object 360 (ex turning a pencil over to erase)
In-hand manipulation with stabilization: several objects are held in teh hand and manipulation of 1 object occurs, while simultaneously stabilizng hte objects (ex picking up pennies with thumb and forefinger while storing them in the ulnar side of hte same hand
pre-writing skills 1- 11/2
palmar-supinate grasp: held with fisted hand, wrist slightly flexed & slightly supinated away form mid-position; arm moves as a unit
Pre-wrting skills 2-3 yrs
digital-pronate grasp: held with fingers, wrist in neutral with slight ulnar deviation and forearm pronated; arm moves as a unit
prewriting skills 3 1/2- 4 yrs
static tripod posture: held with cruide approximation of thumb, index & middle fingers, ring & little fingers only slightly flexed, grasped proximately with continual adjustments by other hand, no fine localized movements of digit components; hand moves as a unit
Pre-writing skills 4 1/2- 6 yrs
dynamic tripod posture: held with precise oppostion of distal phalanges of thumb, index & middle fingers, ring & little fingers flexed to form a stable arch, wrist slightly extended grasped distally, MCP jts stabilized during fine, localized movements of PIP jts
prerequisite skills for scissors use
open & close hand
isolate or combine movements of thumb, index & middle fingers
use hands bilateraly; 1 hand to use scissors, 1 to stabilize item being cut
coordinate arm, hand & eye movements
stablize wrist, elbow & shoulder jts so movement occurs at distal jts
interact with environment in constructive developmenal play state
scissor use 2-3 yrs
shows interest in scissors
holds and snips with scissors
opends and closes scissors in controlled fashion
scissor use 3-4 yrs
manipulates in forward motion
coordinated the lat direction of scissors
cuts straight line forward
cuts simple geometric shapes
cutes circles (3 1/2- 4 1/2 yrs)
scissor use 4-6 yrs
cuts simple figure shapes
scissors use 6-7 yrs
cuts complex figure shapes
reaching skills newborn
visual regard accompanied by swiping/batting with closed hand & abd shoulder
stair climbing development 15 months
creeps up stairs
stair climbing development 18-24 months
walks u stairs while holding on, walks down stairs while holding on
stair climbing development 18-23 months
creeps backwards down steps
stair climbing development 2- 2 1/2 yrs
walks up stairs without support, marking time, walks down stairs w/o support, marking time
stair climbing development 2 1/2- 3 yrs
walks u alternating feet
stair climbing development 3- 3 1/2 yrs
walks downstiars, alternating feet
Jumping and hopping development 2 yrs
jumps down from step
Jumping and hopping development 2 1/2 yrs
hop on 1 foot for few steps
Jumping and hopping development 3 yrs
jumps off floor with both feet
Jumping and hopping development 3-5 yrs
jumps over objects
Jumping and hopping development 3 1/2-5 yrs
hop on one foot
Jumping and hopping development 3-4 yrs
gallops, leading with 1 foot, transfering wt smoothly & evenly
Jumping and hopping development 5 yr
hops in straight line
Jumping and hopping development 5-6 yrs
skips on alternating feet, maintaining balance
reaching skills 4 months
hands come together at midline for bilateral reaching with shoulders abd with partial IR, forearm prontation and full finger ext
reaching skills 6 months
increase dissociation of body sides, allows for unilateral reaching with less, abd & IR of shoulder ahdn is open
Reaching skills 9 months
as trunk stability improves, shnoulder flex with slight ER, elbow ext, forearm supination and slight wrist ext begin to emerge
Grasping skills natal
no voluntary grasp or visual attn to object (in prone or sitting)
grasp of cube: visuallly attends to object grasp is reflexive
Grasping skills 3 months
no attempt to grasp, but visually attends to the object (in prone or sitting)
grasp cube: visually attends to object & may swipe sustained voluntary grasp possible only upon contact, ulnar side used, no thumb involvement wrist flexed
Grasp of cube 4 months
primitive squeeze grasp: visually attends to object, approaches if w/in 1". Contact results in hand pulling object back to squeeze precariously against hte other hand or body, no thumb involvement
grasp of the cube 5 months
palmar grasp: fingers on top surface of object press it into center of palm with thumb add
grasping skills 6 months
raking & contacting objects (in prone or sitting)
grasp of cube: radial-palmar garsp: fingers on far side of object press it against opposed thumb & radial side of palm
Grasping skills 7 months
inferior-scissors (raking object into palm with add totally flexed thumb & all flexed fingers, or 2 partially extended fingers) in prone or sitting
grasp of cube: radial-palmar garsp with wrist straight
Grasping skills 8 months
scissors grasp (between thumb & side of curled index finger, distal thumb jt slightly flexed, proximal thumb jt extended) in prone or sitting
grasp of cube: radial-digital grasp: object held with opposed thumb & finger tips, space visible between
Grasp skills 9 months
inferior princer grasp (between ventral surfaces of thumb and index finger, distal thumb jt extended, beginning of thumb opposition) (in prone or sitting)
grasp of cube: radial-digital grasp with wrist extended
Grasp skills 10 months
pincer grasp (between distal pads of thumb & index finger, distal thumb jt slightly flexed, thumb opposed) (in prone or sitting)
Grasp Skills 12 months
fine pincer grasp (between finger tips or fingernails, distal thumb jt flexed) (in prone or sitting)
releasing skills 0-1 month
no release
releasing skills 1-4 months
involuntary release
releasing skills 5-6 months
2 stage xfer
releasing skills 6-7 months
1 stage xfer
releasing skills 7-9 months
voluntary release
releasing skills 9 months
release by full arm ext
refinement continues to age 4 with attainment of graded release
bilateral hand use 0-3 months
asymmetrical movements
bilateral hand use 4-10 months
symmetrical movements emerge
bilateral hand use 12-18 movements
uses both hands for different fxns
bilateral hand use 18-24 months
manipulation skills emerge
bilateral hand use 2 1/2 yrs
ability to use 2 different hands for 2 very different fxns emerge
manipulation skills 12-15 months
finger-to-palm translation (linear movement of object from fingers to the palm of the hand (ex: picking up coins)
manipulating skills 3 yrs
shift: a linear movement of an object on teh finger surfaces to allow for repositioning of the object relative to the finger pads (ex: separating 2 pieces of paper)
manipulating skills 2- 2 1/2 yrs
palm to finger translation: with stabilization, a linear movement of the object from the palm fo the hand to the fingers (ex: placing coins in a slot)
simple rotation: the turning or rolling of an object held at the finger pads apporx 90 or less (ex: unscrewing a small bottle cap)
Denver Developmental Screening Test II
std task performance & observation screening tool for early identification of children @ risk for developmental delays in 4 areas (personal-social, FM adaptive, lang, & GM skills)
population: 1 month-6 yrs
Neurological Assessment of Pre-term & full-term New-born Infant (NAPFI)
rating scale consisting of a brief neurological exam incorporated into routine assessment
habituation, movement & tone, refllexes & neurobheavioral resonses including state transition, leel of arousal & alertness, auditory & visual orientation, irrability, consolability & cry are assessed
Assessment of Premature Infants of Neonates (APIB)
assesses infants pattern of developing behavioral organization in response to increaseing sensory & environmentall stimuli
bheavioral checklist & scale
measures eye movement & asymmetrical of performance, fxn integration of physciological motor, state, attention, interactive & regulartory systems
Household Management 5 yrs
puts toys away neatly, makes a sandwichi, takes out trash, makes bed, puts dirty clothes in hamper, answers telephone correctly
household management 6 yrs
does simple errands, does household chores w/o redoing, cleans sink, washes dishes wiht help, corsses street safely
household management 7-9 yrs
begins to cook simple meals, puts clean clothes away, hands up clothes, manages small amts of money, uses telephone correctly
household management 10-12 yrs
cooks simple meals with supervision, does simple repairs with appropriate tools, begins doing laundry, sets table, washes dishes, cares for pet with reminders
household management 13-14 yrs
does laundry, cooks meals
household management 13 months
imitates housework
household management 2 yrs
picks up & puts away tosy with remeinders. Copies parents domestic activities
household managmeent 3 yrs
carries things without dropping them, dusts with help, dries dishes with help, gardens with help, puts toys away with reminders, wipes up spills
household management 4 yrs
fixes dry cereal & snacks, helps with sorting laundry
facilitate swallows
facilitate lip closure & place slight downward pressure of spoon on middle aspect of tongue
facilitate jaw closure
firm upper pressure of middle finger under jaw
index & middle finger to prevent tongue thrust
(press bowl of spoon downward & hold on tongue)
oral motor development < 33 wks gestation
fed by nonoral means
oral motor development 35 wks gestation
jaw & tongue movements strong enough for feeding
oral motor development 40 wks gestation
rooting reflex, gag & cough reflex (up to 4 months)
oral motor devleopment 4-5 months
munching occurs consisting of phasic bite
oral motor development 6 months
strong up and down movements of tongue
oral motor development 7-8 months
begining mastication with diagonal jaw movement
oral motor devleopment 9 months
lat tongue movement able to drink form cup
oral motor development 12 months
jaw firm, rotary chew
oral motor development 24 months
able to chew most meats & raw veggies
Exploratory Play
0-2 yrs: engages in play expereinces through which he/she develops a body scheme. sensory integration & motor skills also develop as child explores propterities & effects of actions on object & people
child plays mostly with parents/caregivers
symbolic play
12-16 mo: basic make believe play, primary involving self
12-18 mo: can project make believe paly on objects & others. uses a variety of shcmes in imitating familar activities
18-24 mo: increases use of non-realistic objects in pretending, has inanimate objects perform familiar activities
engages in play experience through which he/she formulates, tests, classifies & refines ideas, feelings, & combined actions, assoc with lang devleopment, object manageable for child in therms of symbolization, control, & mastery are preferred by the child. Mostly involved in parallel play with peers & begins to become more cooperative over time
Creative play
4-7 yrs: engages in sensory, motor, cog & social play experiences & refines relevant skills
explores combos of actions on multiple objects\begins to master skills that promote performance of school & work related activities
participates in cooperative peer groups
Games
7-12 yrs: participates in play with rules, competition, soical interaction & opportunities for development of skills
begins to participate in occperative peer groups with gravity interest in competition
friends become important for validation of play items & performance while parents assist & validate in absense of peers
problem solving skills 48-60 months
can build involved structures combining various planes, along with symmetrical designs
able to utilize spatial awareness, cause & effect & mental images in problem solving
problem solving skills 36-48 months
can build a towe of 9 cubes, demonstrating balance & coordination
can organize objects by size & builds a structure from a mental image
problem solving skills 27-30 months
begins to relate experiences to 1 another, based on logic & knowledge of previous experiences
can make a mental plan of actions w/o acting it out
can see relationships between experience
problem solving skills 24-30 months
can build with blocks horizontally & vertically
problem solving 24-27 months
child descriminates sizes
problem solving 21-24 months
recognizes operations of several mechanisms
matches circles, squares, triangles & manipulates objects into small opening
problem solving skills 18-21 months
attends to shapes of things & uses appropriately
begins to think before acting
uses tool to obtain a favored object
begins to replace trial & error with though process in order to attain goal
can operate mechanical toy
can predict effects or presume causes
tolieting skills 4-5 yrs
I with toileting
Toiletign skills 3 yrs
goes to BR I, seats self on toilet
may need assist with wiping
may need help with fasteners or difficult clothing
toileting skills 2- 2 1/2
2: urinates regularly
2 1/2: ahceives regulated toileting with occasional day time accidents
rarely has BM accidents tells someone of need to void may need remidners to go to BR, may need hlep with getting on toilet
toileting skills 1- 1/2
1: indicates discomfort when wet or soiled, has regular BMs
1 1/2: sits on toilet when placed there & supervised (short time)
Dressing skills 1 yrs
cooperative with dressing
pulls off shoes, removes socks
pushes arms through sleeves and legs through pants
dressing skills 2 yrs
removes unfastened coat
remove shoes if untied
helps pull down pants
finds armholes in pullover shirt
dressing skills 2 1/2 yrs
removes pull-down pants with elastic waist
assists in pulling on socks
puts on front button coat or shirt
unbuttons lg buttons
Bayley Scales of Infant Development 3rd ed (BSID-III)
std rating scales that assess multiple areas of dvelopment to attain a baseline for intervention 7 to monitor progress (cog, lang, & motor, social-emotional & adaptive behavior skills)
population: 1-42 months
Pediatric Eval of Disability Inventory (PEDI)
std behavior checklist and rating scale that assesses capabilities and detects fxnal deficits, to dtermine developmental level, monitor child's progress and/or complete a program eval
pop: 6 months- 7 yrs
First Step Screening for Evaluating preschoolers
checklist & rating scale which identifies preschool students @ risk & in need of more comprehensive eval (assessed cog, communication, physcial, social & emotional, & adaptive fxning
optimal scoial emotional rating scale
optimal adaptive bheavior checklist
optimal parent/teacher scale
pop= 2 yrs 9 months- 6 yrs 2 months
Hawaii Early Learning Profile Revised (HELP)
non std sclae of developmental levles test 6 areas of fxn: cog, lang, GM, FM, social-emotional & self-help
pop: birth - 3 yrs with developmental delay, disabilities or at risk, HELP for preschoolers is avaliable for kids 3-6 with or w/o delays
Miller Assessment for Preschoolers (MAP)
std task performance screening tool that assesses sensory & motor abilities consisting of foundation & coordination indexes, cog abiities including verbal & non-verbal indexes & combined abilities that include complex tasks index
pop: 2 yr 9 mo- 5 yr 8 mo
Self feeding 5-7 mo
takes cereal or poured baby food from spoon
has good head stability & emerging sitting abilities; reaches & grasp toys; explores & tolerates various textures; puts objects in mouth
attends to effect produced by actions, such as hitting or shaking
plays with caregiver during meals & engages in interactive routines
moSelf-feeding 6-9 mo
holds & tries to eat cracker but sucks on it more than bites it; consumes soft foods that dissolbe in the mouth; grabs at spoon but bangs on it or sucks on ends
good sitting stability emerges; able to use hands to manipulate small parts of rattle; guided reach & palmar grasp applied to hand to mouth actions with objects
uses familar actions intitialy with halfhazard variation; soley noveling & is anxious to explore objects
Recongizes strangers, emerging of sense of self
Dressing skills 3yrs
puts on pull over shirt with min A
puts on shoes w/o fasteners (may be wrong foot)
puts on socks (may have feel on top)
I pulls down pants
zips & unzips jacket once on track
needs A to remove pullover shirt
buttons lg front buttons
Dressing skills 3 1/2yrs
finds front of clothing
snaps or hooks front fasteners
unzips front zipper on jacket separates zipper
puts on mittens
buttons series of 3-4 buttons
unbuckles shoes or belt
dresses with supervision (needs help with front and back)
Dressing skills 4 yrs
removes pull over garment I
buckles shoes or belt
zips jacket zipper
puts socks on correctly
puts on shoes with assist in tying
laces shoes
consistently identifies fron
4 1/2 puts belt in loops
dressing skills 5 yrs
ties & unties knots
dresses unsupervised
Dressing Skills 6 yrs
closes back zipper
ties bows
unbuttons back buttons
snaps back snaps
renal urogential age related changes
kidneys: loss of mass totoal wt with nephron atrophy, decrease renal blood flow, decrease filtration
bladder: muslce weakness, decreased capacity causing urinary frequency; difficulty with empyting causing incresed retention, increased likelihood of UTIs
Gasdtrointestinal Changes of older adults
decrease salvation, taste & smell, inadequate chewing, poor swallowing reflex therefore poor delayed taste, nutritional and eficiencies
esophagus: reduced mobility & control over sphincter, acid reflex & heart burn, hiatal hernia
stomach: decrease mobility, delayed gastric emptying, decrease digestive enzymes & hydrochoric acid, decrease digestion & absorption, indegestion common
decrease intestinal motility: constipation common
Integumentary Age related changes
dermis thins with loss of elastin
decrease vasularity, vascular fragility results, easy burning
decrease sebaceous activity and decline in jydration
appearnace : skin appears dry, wrinkled, yellow & inelastic, aging spots appear
thinning & graying of ahir due to vascular insufficency and decrease melonin production
nails grow slower become brittle & thick
less effective as protective barrier
cardiovascular system changes in older adults
due to inactivity & disease more than age
degeneration of heart muscle with accomulation of lipoluscions; mild cardia hyptertrophy left ventrical
decrase coronary blood flow
cardiac valves thicken & stiffen
changes in conduction system (loss of pacemaker cells in SA node)
changes in blood vessels
resting BP rise (more with systolic)
decline in neurohumeral control, decrdase responsiveness of all organs to beta-adrengic stimulation of baroreceptors
decrease blood volume, hemopoietic activity of bone
increase blood coagulability
Pulmonary System Age-related Changes
chest wall stiffens, decrase strength of respiratory msucles
loss of lung elastic recoil= decrese lung compentence
changes in lung parenchyma (fever capillaires for delivery of blood)
changes in pulmonary blood vessels, less distensible
decrease in total lung capacity, residual volume increases, vital capacity decrease
forced expiratory volume decrease
altered pulmonary gas exchange (O2 tension decreases)
blunted ventilatory response of chemoreceptors responsive to respiartory acidosis, decrese hemostatic responses
blurred defensive/immune responses, decrease ciliary actions, decrease secretory immunoglobins, alvelar phagocyte fxn
Cognitive change in older adults
no uniform decline
tasks involving perceptual speed show early declines (39 yrs)
neuronic ability peak 40s, maintainl until 60s
memory impairmetns tend to be in short term
Sensory system changes in older adults
loss of fxn of senses
vision: general decline in VA, mediciens can impaire or fuzzy vision as well
hearing: changes may begin as early as 40, some pathologies decrease hearing (osteosclerosis, Pajet's diseases and hypothyroidism)
vestibular/balance control: degernerative changes in otocorincal, urticle & scaude, loss of vestibular neurons, VOR gain decrease begins at 30. Also due to pathologies: meniere's disease, benign peroxysmal postiional vertigo, medications, cerebrovascular disease, cerebellar dysfunction, migraine, cardiac disease
somatosensory: decrese sensitivity of touch, proprioceptive losses, loss of jt receptor sensitivity, cutaneous pain thresholds increase
-diabetes, peripheral neuropathy, CVA, central sensory losses, peripheral vascular disease, peripheral ischema also contribute to changes
taste & smell: gradual decline in taste senstivity, decrease smell sensitivity
-smoking, chroic allergies, respiratory infections, dentures, CVA, involvement of hypoglossal nerve contribute to changes
Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo (BPPV)
brief episodes of vertigo (less than 1 min) associated with position change, the result of degeneration of the utricular otocania that settle on the cuula of the posterior semicircular cnal, common in older adults
Presbycusis hearing loss
sensorneural healring loss associated with middle & older ages; characterized by bilateral hearing loss, esp at high frequencies at 1st then all frequencies, poor auditory discrimination & comprehension, esp background noise, tinnitus
Meniere's disease
episodic attacks characterized by tinnitus, dizziness, & sensation of fullness or pressure in ears, may experience sensorineural hearing loss
Environmental Theories of Aging
stochastic or non-genetic theories
-aging caused by an accumulation of insults from enviroment
-environmental toxins include (UV, cross-linking agents, toxic chemicals, radiation, viruses)
-can result in erros in protein synthesis & in DNA syngthesis/genetic sequence (error theory), cross linkage of molecule, mutations
Psychological theories of Aging
-stress theory: homeostatic imbalances result in changes in structural & chemical composition (general adaptation, syndrome)
-Erickson's bipolar theory of lifespan developmental stages of later adulthood
-sociological theories: life experience/lifestyles influence aging process
(activity theory & disengagement theory, & dependency)
Skeletal System Changes & adaptation in older adults
-cartilage changes: becomes stiffer, framents & erods
-loss of bone mass & density: peaks at 40 then steadily declines
-intervertebral discs: flattens, less resilent due to loss of water content & loss of collagen elasticity; runk length overall declines
-senile postural changes (forward head, kyphosis of thoracic spione, flattening of lumbar spine, contractures secondary to prolonged sitting (hip and knee flexion)
neurological system changes & adaptations of older adults
atrophy of nerve cells in cerebral cortex
changes in brain morphology
-gyral atrophy (narrowing & flattening of gyri with widening of sulci)
-ventricular dilation
-genearlized cell loss in cerebral cortex (esp frontal & temporal lobe)
-prescence of lipofusions, senile or neurotic plaques & neurofibrillary tangles
-selective cell loss in basal ganglia, cerebellum, hipocampus, locus coreculous, brainstem are affected
decrease cerebral blood flow and energy metabolism
changes in synoptic transmission
changes in spinal cord/peripheral nerves
age-related tremors
presbyopia
visual loss in middle & older ages characterized by inability to focus properly & blurred images due to loss of accommodation, elasticity of lens
homonymous hemionopsia (CVA)
loss of 1/2 visual field in each eye (nasal half of 1 eye & temporal half in other eye) creates inability to recall info from R or L side; corresponds to side of sensorimotor deficit
conductive hearing loss
mechanical hearing loss from damage to external auditory canal, tympanic membrane or middle ear ossicles, results in hearing loss (all frequencies, tinnitus may be present)
sensorineural hearing loss
central or neural hearing loss from multiple factors
self-feeding 6-8 mo
attempts to hold bottle but may not retrieve it if it falls; needs to be monitored for afety reasons
object permenace is emerging & infant anticipates spoon or bottle
easily distracted by stimuli in the environment
self-feeing 9-13 mo
finger-feeds small portion of soft table fooods & objects if fed by adult
uses various graps on objects of different sizes, able to isolate radial fingers onsmaller objects
increase organization & sequencing of shcmees to do desired act, may have difficulty attending to events outside visual space
prefers to act an objects than be passive observer
self-feeding 12-14 mo
dips spoon in food, brings to mouth but spills food by inverting spoon before it goes into mouth
begins to place and release objects; liekly to use prontated group on objects like crayon or spoon
recognizes objects have fxn & uses tools appropriately; relates objects together, shifting attn among them
has interest in watching family routines
self-feeding 15-18 mo
scoops food with spoon & brings to mouth
shoulder & wrist stability demonstrate precise movements
experiments to learn rules of how objects work, actively solve problems by creating new actions & solutions
internatual sts imposed by others for how to play with objects
self-feeing 24-30mo
demonstrate interest in using fork; may stab at food
proficient at spoon use & eats cereal with milk or rice with gravey with utensils
tolrates various foods textures in mouth; adjusts movements to be efficient
express wants verbally, demonstrates imitaton of short sequence of occupation
increse deire to coopy peers; looks to adults to see if they appreciate sucess in an occupation, interested in household routines
Bruninks-Oseretsly Test of Motor Proficiency 2nd ed (BOT-2)
std test to assess & provide index of overall motor profficiency; FM & GM composties, including consideration of speed, duration, & accuracy of performance & hand/foot preference
- 8 subtests: FM precison, FM integration, manual dexterity, bilateral coordination, blance, running speed of agility, upper limb coordination
long & short tests forms
pop: 4 yrs -21 yrs
Erhardt Developmental Prehension Assessment (EPPA)
observation checklist based on performance to assess 3 areas (involuntary arm-hand patterns, voluntary movement of approach, prewritting)
allows charting & monitoring of prehensile deficit
341 test components
pop: children of all ages, cog levels with neurodevelopmental disorders
Erhard Developmetnal prehension Assessment Revised & short screening Form (EPPA-S)
observation checklist based on performance of 3 areas (involuntary arm-hand patterns, voluntary moements of approach & prewritting skills)
identifies developmental gaps in prehensile development and need for further assessment
128 test components
pop: children of all ages, cog levels with neurodevelopmental disorders
Peabody Developmental motor scales 2nd ed (PDMS-2)
std rating scales of GM & FM development, meaures reflexes, sustained control, locomotion, object manipulation, grapoing & visual motor integration
pop: birth-6 yrs with motor, speech-lang and/or hearing disorder
Toddler & Infant Motor Eval (TIME)
assess quality of movement, 5 primary subtests (mobility, stability, motor organization, social/emotional abiliteis & fxnal performance)
pop: birth-3 yrs 6 mo
Beery-Buktonica Developmental Test of Visual Motor Integration 5th ed (Beery VMI-5)
assess visual motor integration
Pop: short form 2yrs-7yrs
full form: 2 yrs -18 yrs
Developmental test of visual perception 2nd ed (DTVP-2) & Developmental Test of visual perception-adolescent and adult (DTVP-A)
assess visual perceptual skills & visual motor integration for levels of perfomrance & for designing interventiosn & monitoring progress)
DTVP-2: 8 subtests (eye-hand coordination, copying, spatial relations, visual-motor speed, position in space, figure-groudn, visual clsure, form-consistency
DTVP-A: 4 subtests (visual motor integration, composite index, motor-reduced visual perception composite index)
pop: 4 yrs -10 yrs (DTVP-2)
DTVP0A: 11 yrs- 74 yrs
Erhardt Developmental Vision Assessment (EDVA) & Short screening form (EDVA-S)
behavior rating scale to determine visuomotor developmetn that assess involuntary visual patterns including eyelid reflexes, pupillary naris, doll's eye responses, & voluntary patterns including fixation, localization, ocular pursuit & gaze shift
pop: birth-6 mo (EDVA-S can be used for assessing older children)
Preschool visual motor Integration Assessment (PVMIA)
std norm referenced assessment which evals visual motor integration & visual perceptual skills of preschoolers, including perception in space, awareness of spatial relationships, colr & space discrimination, matching 2 attributes, simultaneously & the ability to reproduce what's seen & interpretation. Impairment determine if score below 80 & percentile scores below 25
pop: preschoolers aged 3 1/2- 5 1/2 yrs
Motor-Free Visual Perception Test (MVPT-3)
std, quick eval to assess visual perception in 5 areas (spatial relationships, visual discrimination, figure-ground, visual closure, & visual memory) 4-10 yrs given items 1-40; 10 yrs+ items 41-65
pop: 4 yrs-95 yrs
Motor-free visual perception test-vertical (MVPT-V)
eval of individuals with spatial deficits due to hemi-field visual nelect or abnomral visual saccades. Assess spatial relationships, visual discrimination, figure-ground, visual closure, & visual memory (exluding motor components)
pop: children & adults with visual field cuts or w/o visual imparements
-appropriate for TBI cuz reduces confounding variables
Test of Visual-Motor Skills (TVMS) & test of visual motor skills: upper level (TVMS-UL)
assesses eye hand coordination skills for copying geometric desgins
TVMS: 23 geometric forms scored for 8 possible errors
TVMS: UL: 16 geometric fomrs scored for 9-22 possible errors in motor accuracy, motor control, motor coordination & psychomotor speed
Pop: TVMS: 2 yrs-13 yrs
TVMS:UL: 12yrs -40 yrs
Test of Visual Perceptual Skills 3rd ed (TVPS3)
assess visual perceptual skills & differenitals motor dysfunction, as a motor response not required
7 visual perceptual skills (visual desicrimination, visual memory, visual-spatial relationships, visual form consitency, visual sequential memory, visual figure-ground & visual closure are assessed)
visual perceptual problems when score below 80 and percentile below 25
pop: 4 yrs- 19 yrs
Sensory Profile (SP) & Infant/Toddler SP
meaures rxns to daily sensory expriences
Pop: SP= 3-10 yrs
Infant/Toddler SP: birth -36 mo
Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS)
determines severity of autism & doing roles child with autism from chidren with developmental delays w/o autism
to 30= no autism
30-36.5= mild-mod autism
37-60= severe autism
pop: children over 2 yrs with autism
Sensory Profile (SP) Adolescent/ Adult SP
allows clients to identify personal behavior responses & develop strategies for enhance participation
pop: 11-65 yrs
Coping Inventory & Early Coping Inventory
asseess coping habits, skills & bheaviors including effectivess, style, strengths & vulnerabilties to develop plans for coping skills
-coping inventory (3 categories of coping: productive, active & flexible)
-early coping inventory: assess effectivenss of bheaviors according to sensorimotor organization, reactive behavior & self-initiated behavior
pop: coping inventory= 15 yrs +
early coping inventory: 4 mo-36 mo
Play History
assess paly behavior and play opportunities
pop: children & adolescent
Revised Knox Preschool play scale (RKPPS)
observation of play skills to differentiate developmental play abilities, strengths & weaknesses & interest areas
2-10 min sessions completed in & outdoors assessed space management, madivial management, pretense/symbolic & participation
pop: 0-6 yrs
Test of Playfulness (TOP)
assess a child's playfulness based on observations according to 4 aspects of play (intrinsic motivation, internal control, disengagement from constraints of reality & franing
pop: 15 mo-10 yrs
transdiciplinary Play-Based Assessment (TPBA)
measures child's development, learning style, interaction patterns, & behaviors to determine need for services
pop: infancy-6 yrs
Participation Scale (P scale) version 6
measure of restrictions in social participation related to community mobility, access to work, recreation, & social interaction with family, peers, neighbors, etc
addressing 9 domains of participation identifed in international classifications of fxn, disability & health
pop: 15 yrs +
School Fxn Assessment (SFA)
assesses & monitors fxnal performance in order to promote participation in school environment
Haughurst
6 stages of development with specific developmental tasks (current society obtains tasks at slower rate)
-infancy & childhood
-middle childhood
-adolescence
-early adulthood
-middle adulthood
-later adulthood
Lela Llorens
horizontal development & longitudinal/ chronological development must occur simultaneously for normal development
OT to facilitate with development & assist with mastery of like tasks & cope with life expectations
Anne Mosey
Development of adaptive skills, essential learned bheaviors, is considered critical for successful participation in occupational performance
-sensory integration of vestibular, proprioceptive & tactile info for fxnal use
- cogntive skill
-syadic interaction skill
-group itneraction skills
-self-identity skills
-sexual identity skill
Senescence
weakening of body at gradual but steady pace during the last stages of adulthood thru death
Categories of Elderly
young elderly: 65-74 yrs
old elderly: 75-84 yrs
oldest elderly: > 85 yrs
Hutchinson-Gilford Syndrome
progeria of childhood
Werner's Syndrome
Progeria of young adults
Biological Theories of aging
-genetic: rinsic to organism, genes are programmed to modulate aging changes, overall rate of progression
-doubling/biolgic clock: (Hylick limit theory): fxnal deterioration w/in cells is due to limited # of genetically programmed cell doubling (cell replication)
-free radial theory: free raicals are highly reactive & toxic forms of O2 produced by cell mitrochondria
-cell mutation (intrensic mutagensis): errors in synthesesis of proteins (DNA/RNA) lead to expoential cascade of abnormal proteins & aging changes
-hormonal theory: fxnal decrements in neurons & their association hormones lead to aging changes
-immunitgy theory: thymus size decrases stimuli by puberty becomes less fxnal, bone marrow overall efficiently decreses, result in steady decine in immune response during adulthood