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32 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

6 Major Divisions of the Brain

Brain Stem


1) Medulla oblongata


2) Pons


3) Mesencephalon




4) Diencephalon


5) Cerebellum


6) Cerebrum

Medulla Oblongata

Most inferior portion of brain. Connects brain stem to spinal cord


Functions:


- Relays sensory info to thalamus and other portions of the brain stem.


- Nuclei of cranial nerves (VIII, IX, X, XI, & XII)


- Autonomic regulation of cardio, resp, and digest activities (HR, BP, digestion)



Pons

Superior to medulla


Functions:


- Sensory/motor nuclei to cranial nerves (V, VI, VII & VIII)


- Relays sensory info to cerebellum and thalamus


- Subconscious somatic and visceral motor centers

Mesencephalon

Midbrain


Functions:


- Processes visual and auditory info.


- Coordinates reflexive somatic motor responses to above stimuli


- Maintains consciousness.

Diencephalon

Deep portion of brain attaches stem to the cerebrum.


3 subdivisions:


1) Epithalamus


2) Thalamus


3) Hypothalamus


4) Subthalamus

Epithalamus

Structure of diencephalon, roof of 3rd ventricle


Contains pineal gland, secretes melatonin


- sleep cycle

Thalamus

2 egg shaped bodies of diencephalon


Functions:

Sensory and motor relay and processing centers

- sensory info filter


- motor relay



Hypothalamus

Structure of diencephalon


Autonomic control center


Connected to pituitary gland via infundibulum


Functions:


- centers controlling emotions, autonomic fxns, and hormone production


- hunger, satiety, thirst, body temp reg.

Subthalamus

Structure of diencephalon


Contains mammilary bodies

Cerebellum

Small hemis lie posterior to pons and inferior to cerbral hemis.


Gray matter (folia) surrounds white matter (arbor vitae)


Functions:


- coordinates complex somatic motor patterns


- adjusts output of other somatic motor centers in brain and spinal cord according to sensory info and memories of learned patterns of movement.

Cerebrum

Largest part of the brain, divided into 2 hemispheres by longitudinal fissure.


Surface is composed of gray matter (cerebral cortex) and convoluted by gyri and sulci.


Functions:


- conscious thought processes, intelligent fxns


- memory storage and processing


- conscious and subconscious regulation of skeletal muscle

Differences in L and R Hemispheres of the Cerebrum

Left Hemi:


- processes like a computer


- Broca's (speech) and Weirnicke's (interpretation) areas




Right Hemi:


- creativity

Cerebral Cortex

Superficial layer of gray matter surrounding the cerebrum.


Primary motor cortex (frontal)


Primary sensory cortex (parietal)


Visual cortex (occipital)


Auditory/Olfactory cortex (temporal)

Ventricles

Cerebrospinal fluid filled cavities within the brain.


Lined with ependymal cells


4 ventricles w/in brain


- 2 lateral ventricles, 3rd and 4th ventricles

Lateral Ventricles

1 in each hemisphere seperated by the septum pellucidum.


No direct connection w/ each other but interconnected w/ the 3rd ventricle by the interventricular foramen

3rd Ventricle

Cavity within diencephalon


Connected to lateral ventricles via interventricular foramen and 4th ventricle via aqueduct of midbrain.

4th Ventricle

Begins between pons and cerebellum.


Inferior portion becomes continuous w/ central canal

Falx Cerebri

Fold of the dura mater in the longitudinal fissure.


Encloses superior sagittal sinus and inferior sagittal sinus

Tentorium Cerebelli

Fold of dura mater in transverse fissure


Encloses transverse sinus

Functions of Frontal Lobe

Primary motor cortex - pre central gyrus


Broca's area (motor speech), left side only


Pre Frontal Cortex

Functions of Parietal Lobe

Primary sensory cortex - post central gyrus


Primary gustatory area

Functions of Temporal Lobe

Primary auditory area


Olfactory area

Functions of Occipital Lobe

Primary visual area

Wernicke's Area

Speech interpretation


Occipital, parietal and temporal


Left hemi only

Meningeal Layers of the Brain

Dura Mater


- 2 layers: endosteal and meningeal


Arachnoid Mater


Pia Mater

Subarachnoid Space

Space between arachnoid mater and pia mater.


Arachnoid trabeculae extend between layers.


CSF flows with


Arachnoid granulations allow passing of CSF to sinuses

Choroid Plexus
Responsible for the production of CSFFound in all ventricles

Pre Frontal Cortex

Most complex area of brain


Responsible for learning, reasoning, emotional contex & motivation, understanding consequences of actions

Parkinson's Disease

Disease characterized by a pronounced increase in muscle tone.


Basal nuclei is negatively affected.


Dopamine not produced by substantia nigra.


- inhibitory effect lost and excitatory neurons more active.


- cogwheel rigidity: tug of war between antagnonists


Marked by a steady decline in balance and coordination over time.

Atypical Parkinson's

Progessive supranucleur palsy


Caused by neurons above basal nuclei


Not dopamine related.


Cognition decline


Marked by sudden dramatic declines in balance and coordination over time

Basal Nuclei

Subconscious control and integration of muscle tone.


Coordination of learned movement patterns


Processing, integration, relay of info from cerebral cortex to thalamus

Visual Pathway (new v. primitive)

New Pathway (conscious):


- eye->thalamus->visual cortex->sight




Primitivie Pathway (subconscious):


- eye->superior colliculi


- visual stimuli that leads to reflexive responses