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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
6 Major Divisions of the Brain |
Brain Stem 1) Medulla oblongata 2) Pons 3) Mesencephalon 4) Diencephalon 5) Cerebellum 6) Cerebrum |
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Medulla Oblongata |
Most inferior portion of brain. Connects brain stem to spinal cord Functions: - Relays sensory info to thalamus and other portions of the brain stem. - Nuclei of cranial nerves (VIII, IX, X, XI, & XII) - Autonomic regulation of cardio, resp, and digest activities (HR, BP, digestion) |
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Pons |
Superior to medulla Functions: - Sensory/motor nuclei to cranial nerves (V, VI, VII & VIII) - Relays sensory info to cerebellum and thalamus - Subconscious somatic and visceral motor centers |
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Mesencephalon |
Midbrain Functions: - Processes visual and auditory info. - Coordinates reflexive somatic motor responses to above stimuli - Maintains consciousness. |
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Diencephalon |
Deep portion of brain attaches stem to the cerebrum. 3 subdivisions: 1) Epithalamus 2) Thalamus 3) Hypothalamus 4) Subthalamus |
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Epithalamus |
Structure of diencephalon, roof of 3rd ventricle Contains pineal gland, secretes melatonin - sleep cycle |
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Thalamus |
2 egg shaped bodies of diencephalon Functions: - sensory info filter - motor relay |
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Hypothalamus |
Structure of diencephalon Autonomic control center Connected to pituitary gland via infundibulum Functions: - centers controlling emotions, autonomic fxns, and hormone production - hunger, satiety, thirst, body temp reg. |
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Subthalamus |
Structure of diencephalon Contains mammilary bodies |
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Cerebellum |
Small hemis lie posterior to pons and inferior to cerbral hemis. Gray matter (folia) surrounds white matter (arbor vitae) Functions: - coordinates complex somatic motor patterns - adjusts output of other somatic motor centers in brain and spinal cord according to sensory info and memories of learned patterns of movement. |
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Cerebrum |
Largest part of the brain, divided into 2 hemispheres by longitudinal fissure. Surface is composed of gray matter (cerebral cortex) and convoluted by gyri and sulci. Functions: - conscious thought processes, intelligent fxns - memory storage and processing - conscious and subconscious regulation of skeletal muscle |
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Differences in L and R Hemispheres of the Cerebrum |
Left Hemi: - processes like a computer - Broca's (speech) and Weirnicke's (interpretation) areas Right Hemi: - creativity |
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Cerebral Cortex |
Superficial layer of gray matter surrounding the cerebrum. Primary motor cortex (frontal) Primary sensory cortex (parietal) Visual cortex (occipital) Auditory/Olfactory cortex (temporal) |
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Ventricles |
Cerebrospinal fluid filled cavities within the brain. Lined with ependymal cells 4 ventricles w/in brain - 2 lateral ventricles, 3rd and 4th ventricles |
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Lateral Ventricles |
1 in each hemisphere seperated by the septum pellucidum. No direct connection w/ each other but interconnected w/ the 3rd ventricle by the interventricular foramen |
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3rd Ventricle |
Cavity within diencephalon Connected to lateral ventricles via interventricular foramen and 4th ventricle via aqueduct of midbrain. |
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4th Ventricle |
Begins between pons and cerebellum. Inferior portion becomes continuous w/ central canal |
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Falx Cerebri |
Fold of the dura mater in the longitudinal fissure. Encloses superior sagittal sinus and inferior sagittal sinus |
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Tentorium Cerebelli |
Fold of dura mater in transverse fissure Encloses transverse sinus |
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Functions of Frontal Lobe |
Primary motor cortex - pre central gyrus Broca's area (motor speech), left side only Pre Frontal Cortex |
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Functions of Parietal Lobe |
Primary sensory cortex - post central gyrus Primary gustatory area |
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Functions of Temporal Lobe |
Primary auditory area Olfactory area |
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Functions of Occipital Lobe |
Primary visual area |
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Wernicke's Area |
Speech interpretation Occipital, parietal and temporal Left hemi only |
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Meningeal Layers of the Brain
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Dura Mater - 2 layers: endosteal and meningeal Arachnoid Mater Pia Mater |
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Subarachnoid Space
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Space between arachnoid mater and pia mater. Arachnoid trabeculae extend between layers. CSF flows with Arachnoid granulations allow passing of CSF to sinuses |
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Choroid Plexus
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Responsible for the production of CSFFound in all ventricles
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Pre Frontal Cortex |
Most complex area of brain Responsible for learning, reasoning, emotional contex & motivation, understanding consequences of actions |
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Parkinson's Disease |
Disease characterized by a pronounced increase in muscle tone. Basal nuclei is negatively affected. Dopamine not produced by substantia nigra. - inhibitory effect lost and excitatory neurons more active. - cogwheel rigidity: tug of war between antagnonists Marked by a steady decline in balance and coordination over time. |
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Atypical Parkinson's |
Progessive supranucleur palsy Caused by neurons above basal nuclei Not dopamine related. Cognition decline Marked by sudden dramatic declines in balance and coordination over time |
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Basal Nuclei |
Subconscious control and integration of muscle tone. Coordination of learned movement patterns Processing, integration, relay of info from cerebral cortex to thalamus |
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Visual Pathway (new v. primitive) |
New Pathway (conscious): - eye->thalamus->visual cortex->sight Primitivie Pathway (subconscious): - eye->superior colliculi - visual stimuli that leads to reflexive responses |