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49 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Define emotion in terms of three components:
– Cognition
– Feeling
– Action
Emotional Situations arouse which system?
Walter Cannon:
emotional situations arouse autonomic nervous system

• Sympathetic andparasympathetic
James-Lange Theory
James-Lange theory (1884, 1894): autonomic arousal occurs first, “feeling” comes second
James-Lange Theory broken down into three parts:
-Event
-Appraisal:Cognitive aspect
-Action: The behavioral aspect including psysiology
-Emotional Feeling : The feeling aspect
What is Prediction #1 in J ames-Lange Theory?
Prediction 1: People with weak autonomic
response should feel less emotion

– Paralysis: no muscle feed-back, do feel
emotions, but autonomic system intact
– People with “pure autonomic failure” still
feel emotions, but less intensely
What are the effects of botox on nerves?
BOTOX blocks transmissions at synapses
and nerve-muscle junctions
• reduces facial expressions
What is Prediction #2 in J ames-Lange Theory?
Increasing ANS activity should enhance emotion
– Panic attacks include rapid heartbeat, fast breathing, etc.

• if spontaneous, distressing
– smiling increases happiness, frowning sadness
• feedback from body to mind
What are the Brain Areas Associated with Emotion?
Limbic system: forebrain areas surrounding the thalamus

• Also frontal and temporal lobe
Left hemisphere as it relates to emotion?
Left hemisphere (frontal and temporal) associated with “approach” and the Behavioral Inhibition System
Right hemisphere as it relates to emotion?
Right hemisphere (frontal and temporal)
associated with “withdrawal” and the Behavioral Inhibition System
Behavioral Inhibition System
Right Brain:
– Increases attention and arousal
– Inhibits action
– Emotions of fear and disgust
Behavioral Activation System
Left hemisphere (frontal and temporal)
associated with “approach” and the
Behavioral Activation System
– low/moderate ANS arousal
– either happiness or anger
Right hemisphere when damage produces what as it relates to emtions?
– Damage causes problems in identifying
emotions of others

– When disabled, people do not experience
or remember strong emotions

– Damage to left hemisphere improves
emotion recognition
What are the functions of emotions?
– adaptive responses: fight or flight
Component to moral decisions
– activates prefrontal cortex, cingulate gyrus,
amygdala
Damage to prefrontal cortex produces what impairments?
• Damage to prefrontal cortex
impairs decision making
• Impulsive decisions
• Failure to anticipate emotional
consequences
• Decreased guilt, trust
• Less adverse to risk
What are Attack and Escape Behaviors?
Attack and escape, fight and flight, approach
and avoid behaviors closely related
physiologically
– anger and fear
– associated with the amygdala (limbic system)
– one attack behavior increases the
probability of a second
What are the factors of Violence?
Environmental factors:
– Exposure to lead
– Witness/victim of violence in childhood
– Violent neighborhood
Genetic factors of Violence?
– Monozygotic twins resembled each other
much more than dizygotic twins
– Adopted children more like biological
parents than adoptive
"Triple imbalance hypothesis” on Violence
“Triple imbalance hypothesis”: violence depends on testosterone, cortisol, and serotonin
– cortisol and serotonin inhibit violence
– highest violence when?
What influences Male Agression?
Male aggression influenced by testosterone
– highest rates of violence correlated with
higher testosterone levels
– not a huge effect, other things going on
What area of the brain is associated with fear?
Amygdala
Startle reflex:
rapid response to unexpected loud noises
How long does it take the Auditory information to reach pons?
– Auditory information reaches pons in 3-8ms
– Startle occurs < 0.2 s
How does mood modify the startle response?
Mood modifies response
– greater startle if anxious
What information does the amygdala receive?
Amygdala receives information on pain,
vision, hearing

– Axons to:
• PFC: approach/withdrawal
• hypothalamus: ANS response
• Midbrain, pons: startle
Damage to amygdala results in?
Damage to amygdala:
– startle intact
– cannot learn to fear new stimuli
– old responses intact
– impairs understanding emotional stimuli
What part of the brain responds to emotional facial expressions?
In humans: amygdala responds to emotional
stimuli/facial expressions
– Activity strongest when stimuli vague
The startle response is stronger or weaker in people who support strong military/police powers
Stronger
Does the amygdala result in no emotion?
In humans, amygdala damage
does not result in no emotion
– recognize cognitive aspects of emotions, but not feelings
Does the amygala affect the ability to recognize fearful faces?
YES.
– those affected do not pay attention to eyes
Panic disorder:
frequent periods of anxiety, attacks of rapid breathing, increased heart rate, sweating, trembling, etc.
– linked to abnormalities in the hypothalamus
– Decreased GABA, increased orexin
What kind of Drugs treat anxiety?
Drugs treating anxiety affect GABA receptors
(benzodiazepines)
– amplify GABA activity
– GABA is inhibitory
Behavioral medicine:
Behavioral medicine: effects of behavior on
health
What influences illness and recovery?
Emotions and experiences influence illness
and recovery
What is stress?
stress = non-specific response of body to demands
Response to stress:
general adaptation syndrome (GAS)
What is GAS?
general adaptation syndrome (GAS)
– alarm stage
– resistance stage
– exhaustion stage
What does chronic stress do?
Chronic stress activates GAS to exhaustion
– negative impact on health
Concepts of Stress
events that are interpreted as threatening to an individual and which elicit physiological and behavioral
responses”
– emphasis on interpreted
The system that is responsible for brief responses:
Sympathetic nervous system
Hypothalamic-pituitaryadrenal
(HPA) axis
long-term changes
– Hypo stimulate pituitary
– Pituitary releases
adrenocorticotropic hormone
– Adrenal releases cortisol
• mobilizes energy
Infection prompts release of cytokines
(proteins)
cytokines
Cytokines
Cytokines in hypothalamus: symptoms of
illness like fever, lethargy, loss of appetite,etc.
Stress activates what system?
Stress: CNS activates immune system
– releases cytokines
Chronic stress (longer than a month) has what results?
• Suppresses:
– immune system, increases chance of
illness
– reproductive system
– memory through hippocampus
Stress Reduction techniques:
Adaptive responses:
– breathing, exercise, meditation, diversions
– social support
Maladaptive responses to stress:
– drug abuse/dependency, rumination/ obsession, cessation of activities
– social withdrawal
Post-traumatic Stress Disorder
PTSD: occurs in some people after terrifying
experiences
– Frequent distressing recollections
– Nightmares
– Avoidance of reminders of event
– Exaggerated startle response
Post-traumatic Stress Disorder study results?
• Most PTSD victims have a smaller than
average hippocampus
• PTSD victims show lower than normal
cortisol levels after the trauma
– may make them prone to PTSD
• Amygdala damage yielded no PTSD
– other brain damage yielded PTSD in 40%