Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Define emotion in terms of three components:
|
– Cognition
– Feeling – Action |
|
Emotional Situations arouse which system?
|
Walter Cannon:
emotional situations arouse autonomic nervous system • Sympathetic andparasympathetic |
|
James-Lange Theory
|
James-Lange theory (1884, 1894): autonomic arousal occurs first, “feeling” comes second
|
|
James-Lange Theory broken down into three parts:
|
-Event
-Appraisal:Cognitive aspect -Action: The behavioral aspect including psysiology -Emotional Feeling : The feeling aspect |
|
What is Prediction #1 in J ames-Lange Theory?
|
Prediction 1: People with weak autonomic
response should feel less emotion – Paralysis: no muscle feed-back, do feel emotions, but autonomic system intact – People with “pure autonomic failure” still feel emotions, but less intensely |
|
What are the effects of botox on nerves?
|
BOTOX blocks transmissions at synapses
and nerve-muscle junctions • reduces facial expressions |
|
What is Prediction #2 in J ames-Lange Theory?
|
Increasing ANS activity should enhance emotion
– Panic attacks include rapid heartbeat, fast breathing, etc. • if spontaneous, distressing – smiling increases happiness, frowning sadness • feedback from body to mind |
|
What are the Brain Areas Associated with Emotion?
|
Limbic system: forebrain areas surrounding the thalamus
• Also frontal and temporal lobe |
|
Left hemisphere as it relates to emotion?
|
Left hemisphere (frontal and temporal) associated with “approach” and the Behavioral Inhibition System
|
|
Right hemisphere as it relates to emotion?
|
Right hemisphere (frontal and temporal)
associated with “withdrawal” and the Behavioral Inhibition System |
|
Behavioral Inhibition System
|
Right Brain:
– Increases attention and arousal – Inhibits action – Emotions of fear and disgust |
|
Behavioral Activation System
|
Left hemisphere (frontal and temporal)
associated with “approach” and the Behavioral Activation System – low/moderate ANS arousal – either happiness or anger |
|
Right hemisphere when damage produces what as it relates to emtions?
|
– Damage causes problems in identifying
emotions of others – When disabled, people do not experience or remember strong emotions – Damage to left hemisphere improves emotion recognition |
|
What are the functions of emotions?
|
– adaptive responses: fight or flight
Component to moral decisions – activates prefrontal cortex, cingulate gyrus, amygdala |
|
Damage to prefrontal cortex produces what impairments?
|
• Damage to prefrontal cortex
impairs decision making • Impulsive decisions • Failure to anticipate emotional consequences • Decreased guilt, trust • Less adverse to risk |
|
What are Attack and Escape Behaviors?
|
Attack and escape, fight and flight, approach
and avoid behaviors closely related physiologically – anger and fear – associated with the amygdala (limbic system) – one attack behavior increases the probability of a second |
|
What are the factors of Violence?
|
Environmental factors:
– Exposure to lead – Witness/victim of violence in childhood – Violent neighborhood |
|
Genetic factors of Violence?
|
– Monozygotic twins resembled each other
much more than dizygotic twins – Adopted children more like biological parents than adoptive |
|
"Triple imbalance hypothesis” on Violence
|
“Triple imbalance hypothesis”: violence depends on testosterone, cortisol, and serotonin
– cortisol and serotonin inhibit violence – highest violence when? |
|
What influences Male Agression?
|
Male aggression influenced by testosterone
– highest rates of violence correlated with higher testosterone levels – not a huge effect, other things going on |
|
What area of the brain is associated with fear?
|
Amygdala
|
|
Startle reflex:
|
rapid response to unexpected loud noises
|
|
How long does it take the Auditory information to reach pons?
|
– Auditory information reaches pons in 3-8ms
– Startle occurs < 0.2 s |
|
How does mood modify the startle response?
|
Mood modifies response
– greater startle if anxious |
|
What information does the amygdala receive?
|
Amygdala receives information on pain,
vision, hearing – Axons to: • PFC: approach/withdrawal • hypothalamus: ANS response • Midbrain, pons: startle |
|
Damage to amygdala results in?
|
Damage to amygdala:
– startle intact – cannot learn to fear new stimuli – old responses intact – impairs understanding emotional stimuli |
|
What part of the brain responds to emotional facial expressions?
|
In humans: amygdala responds to emotional
stimuli/facial expressions – Activity strongest when stimuli vague |
|
The startle response is stronger or weaker in people who support strong military/police powers
|
Stronger
|
|
Does the amygdala result in no emotion?
|
In humans, amygdala damage
does not result in no emotion – recognize cognitive aspects of emotions, but not feelings |
|
Does the amygala affect the ability to recognize fearful faces?
|
YES.
– those affected do not pay attention to eyes |
|
Panic disorder:
|
frequent periods of anxiety, attacks of rapid breathing, increased heart rate, sweating, trembling, etc.
– linked to abnormalities in the hypothalamus – Decreased GABA, increased orexin |
|
What kind of Drugs treat anxiety?
|
Drugs treating anxiety affect GABA receptors
(benzodiazepines) – amplify GABA activity – GABA is inhibitory |
|
Behavioral medicine:
|
Behavioral medicine: effects of behavior on
health |
|
What influences illness and recovery?
|
Emotions and experiences influence illness
and recovery |
|
What is stress?
|
stress = non-specific response of body to demands
|
|
Response to stress:
|
general adaptation syndrome (GAS)
|
|
What is GAS?
|
general adaptation syndrome (GAS)
– alarm stage – resistance stage – exhaustion stage |
|
What does chronic stress do?
|
Chronic stress activates GAS to exhaustion
– negative impact on health |
|
Concepts of Stress
|
events that are interpreted as threatening to an individual and which elicit physiological and behavioral
responses” – emphasis on interpreted |
|
The system that is responsible for brief responses:
|
Sympathetic nervous system
|
|
Hypothalamic-pituitaryadrenal
(HPA) axis |
long-term changes
– Hypo stimulate pituitary – Pituitary releases adrenocorticotropic hormone – Adrenal releases cortisol • mobilizes energy |
|
Infection prompts release of cytokines
(proteins) |
cytokines
|
|
Cytokines
|
Cytokines in hypothalamus: symptoms of
illness like fever, lethargy, loss of appetite,etc. |
|
Stress activates what system?
|
Stress: CNS activates immune system
– releases cytokines |
|
Chronic stress (longer than a month) has what results?
|
• Suppresses:
– immune system, increases chance of illness – reproductive system – memory through hippocampus |
|
Stress Reduction techniques:
|
Adaptive responses:
– breathing, exercise, meditation, diversions – social support |
|
Maladaptive responses to stress:
|
– drug abuse/dependency, rumination/ obsession, cessation of activities
– social withdrawal |
|
Post-traumatic Stress Disorder
|
PTSD: occurs in some people after terrifying
experiences – Frequent distressing recollections – Nightmares – Avoidance of reminders of event – Exaggerated startle response |
|
Post-traumatic Stress Disorder study results?
|
• Most PTSD victims have a smaller than
average hippocampus • PTSD victims show lower than normal cortisol levels after the trauma – may make them prone to PTSD • Amygdala damage yielded no PTSD – other brain damage yielded PTSD in 40% |