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159 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How long is equine gestation?
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340
(320-350) |
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3 facts about mares estrous cycle?
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long-day breeders
photoperiod seasonal estrus |
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T/F Individual mares will have almost exactly the same gestation length each time.
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true
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What does the fetus do during late gestation?
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there is increased fetal activity...he aligns his dorsum to his mom's sacrum
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What are 3 physical changes that occur in preparation of birth?
Two electrolyte changes in the milk? |
1. relaxation of the perineum (tendons & lgg)
2. Mammary gland engorgement 3. Wax dripping out of teats sodium decreases & Calcium increases* (makes sense, who likes salty milk?!) |
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What is the fetal HR during late gestation?
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60-90
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What signifies the end of Stage I & beginnin of Stage II of parturition?
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rupture of the chorioallantois
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What does the mare do during Stage I of parturition?
What should YOU do during Stage I of parturition? |
nests...lays down, stands up, lays down, stands up
clean her dirty ass & wrap her tail...you don't want the baby's first drink to be a mouthful of shit |
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What defines the start & end of Stage II?
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rupture of chorioallantois --> foal delivered
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What should you see bulging out of the mare's vagina?
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the amniotic sac, NOT a red bag
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What happens during Stage III?
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The mom & baby bond while the placenta detaches & falls out
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RP =
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3+ hours
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What is the equine placentation?
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diffuse epithelial microcotelydonary placentation
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T/F Never pull the placenta out.
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true. You can tie it up to help weight it (and get it out of the way) but noooo pulling!
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T/F Double bubble...the inside is the amnionic sac.
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true
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T/F The red side of the placenta should stay attached as long as possible during birth.
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True. If it detaches prematurely, you'll see "red bag"...that means the baby is no longer receiving oxygen.
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Where does the fetus rupture thru the placenta? Give me 2 answers
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The chorioallantois, @ the cervical star
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What does red bag mean?
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that the chorioallantois separated prematurely from the endometrium, therefore the foal has no oxygen supply
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A healthy placenta weighs..
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10% of fetal BW
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What is the #1 cause of late term abortion in mares?
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placentitis
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What should you examine after birth?
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placenta (from both gravid & non-gravid uterine horn)
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What's the commonest cause of placentitis?
How else can it be transmitted? |
ascending infection (so a caudal urogenital infection)
Hematogenous |
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When would a placentitis be caused by hematogenous spread?
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endotoxemia
really bad colic septicemia |
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What's the commonest pathogen (in general) to cause placentitis.
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bacteria (vs fungal or viral)
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T/F Mares usually show signs of systemic illness when they have a placentitis.
What will you see? |
False
vaginal discharge, early mammary development & premature dripping of the milk |
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What do you do to the vaginal discharge?
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C&S of course
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Why is premature dripping of the milk bad for the foal?
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because the mare only makes colostrum once...so if it's dripping out of her, there won't be any left when baby is born
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p.s. CBC is even normal for a placentitis mare!
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that is all
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How do you perform U/S exam of the uterus, eg if you suspect placentitis?
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linear transducer up the butt
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What is CTUP?
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combined thickness of uteroplacental unit....if it's thicker than 12cm = placentitis
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How many patients are we treating when we have a placentitis?
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2 ... mom & baby
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What are 3 medical treatments for placentitis?
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PenGen/TMS
NSAIDs Progesteron |
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Why progesterone for placentitis?
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progesterone tells the mare shes pregnant & tells the uterus to STFU with its contractions
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Why PenGen/TMS?
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cause it's a horse & those are the antibiotics you give horses
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Why NSAIDs for placentitis?
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to decrease myometrial activity (no contractions allowed, we want baby to stay inside!)
to decrease inflammation, which promotes premature contractions & early parturition (same thing, different wording) |
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What do progesterone levels do right before abortion?
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they drop...
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If abortion is imminent (eg in the case of a placentitis), what drug are you going to give & why?
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give steroids.
this will help with fetal maturation ...aka surfactant production (remember the fetus produces a lot of cortisol before its born? i guess we're doing that for him) |
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Why is meconium staining of the amnion bad?
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probably means there was meconium aspiration by the foal, which is NOT good.
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What are 4 consequences of placentitis?
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abortion
still birth premature foaling RPs |
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What are 3 complications of RP in the mare?
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endotoxemia
laminitis metritis |
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T/F Placental tags are a benign finding.
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False. They are dangerous. Tho idk what they are...
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What are 6 causes of abortion in mares?
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placentitis*
EHV-1 EVA twinning babesia (piroplasmosis) chlamydia mycoplasma |
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What are 4 causes of pregnant colics?
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uterine torsion
large colon volvulus (bad!) periparturient hemorrhage dystocia |
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If a mare has RP what are you going to do?
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uterine lavage w/ warm sterile saline
tie up the placenta to weigh it down do not pull the placenta out Anti-endotoxemic therapy Cryotherapy (to prevent laminitis) Make sure she has adequate levels of Ca & oxytocin...aka give them |
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When does EHV-1 cause abortion?
EVA? |
EHV-1 --> late term abortion
EVA --> abortion at any point |
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Twinning is a __________ cause of abortion.
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non-infectious
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When should you manually reduce a twin pregnancy in horses?
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at 12-14 days...do it with U/S...then give NSAIDs to quiet the uterus (same idea as with a placentitis...NSAIDs will stop uterine contractions)
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Which breed is predisposed to superovulation & therefore having twins?
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thoroughbreds (30% will superovulate)
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What are results of dystocia on the mare? (4)
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RP
laminitis metritis risk of reproductive failure in the future |
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What are results of dystocia on the foal?
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Dummy Foal
...rib fx...other shit |
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When does uterine torsion carry a better prognosis...early or late in pregnancy?
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earlier
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What are your 3 options for treating a uterine torsion?
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1. flank laparotomy
2. ventral midline 3. rolling |
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When is it good to perform a flank laparotomy?
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if the foal is under 10 mos old
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When do you HAVE to perform a ventral midline celiotomy?
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@ parturition...because you have to do a C-section
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how do you diagnose a uterine torsion?
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rectal palpation
you can NOT diagnose it vaginally because the twist occurs cranial to the cervix (your hand shouldn't be going thru the cervix so you wouldn't be able to feel it) |
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How can you determine which direction the twist is in?
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if you feel the left broad lig stretched tight, then it's CW (visualize it, there's a pic on pg 166)
if you feel the right , it's CCW |
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T/F Research shos there is improved foal survivial when flank laparotomy is performed at <10 months of gestation.
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True
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Which two treatments of uterine torsion require GA?
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ventral midline celiotomy & rolling the mare....try rolling an awake mare...yeah right
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What are 6 complications of uterine torsion?
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uterine rupture
uterine ischemia GI lesions abortion failure to return to reproductive soundness ...only one of them might be able to survive (mare vs foal) |
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When does large colon volvulus occur in broodmares?
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periparturient...so 1 mo prior or 2 mos post-foaling
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Does large colon volvulus (LCV) recur?
What are your options for this? |
yes there is a 15% recurrence rate
colopexy (LVC:left body wall) or colonic resection (for repeat offenders) |
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Does LCV affect the mare's chances of getting pregnant in the future?
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nope
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How do we treat periparturient hemorrhage?
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tranquilization, controlled hypotension
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What causes peri-parturient hemorrhage?
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rupture of the middle uterine artery
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Where does the middle uterine artery bleed into?
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either the broad ligament (causing a painful hematoma to form) or into the peritoneum (causin hemoabdomen)
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T/F With periparturient uterine hemorrhage, the mare may die acutely.
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true
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Ok so what drug do we give to horses with uterine hemorrhage. Why?
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acepromazine because it causes hypotension...we want the clot to STICK, we don't want it pushed out of the way by a high BP
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How do you diagnose PPH?
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abdominal U/S..you'll see it
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Which two vital parameters do you have to closely monitor in PPH
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lactate & SvO2
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T/F Dystocia is not a true emergency.
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false
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What are complications of dystocia in the mare? 4
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RP
laminitis metritis risk of future reproductive soundness |
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What is the major complication for the foal that experienced a dystocia?
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Dummy Foal
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What are your 3 delivery options for a Dystocia?
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correct then vaginal delivery
controlled vaginal delivery c-section |
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What are 3 risk factors/causes of dystocia?
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fetal malpositioning (especially posture)
congenital malformation of the foal gestational compromise of the mare (placentitis, systemic illness) |
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Give me an example of poor posture of the foal causing a dystocia.
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head or leg back
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Can the mare be in dystocia if she hasn't reached stage II of labor yet?
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no
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What should you do when you have a dystocia?
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rectal palp
clean her sterile vaginal palp use buscopan, xylazine, and lidocaine epidural (tho don't wait for the epidural to take effect probably...) |
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WHat determines your treatment plan for a dystocia?
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whether the foal is alive or not
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What are your 3 options for a dystocia again?
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correct vaginally, deliver foal
controlled vaginal delivery c-section |
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Which treatments require GA?
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conrolled vaginal delivery (remember the pic of the horse being held up by her HL?) & c-section of course
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When working with neonates, you must always
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wear gloves....to protect THEM!
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What's the oxygen story of a foal during gestation?
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they're relatively hypoxemic
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What happens to the oxygen story at birth?
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all of a sudden his lungs have to get all the fluid out & then take a deep breath so the alveoli open
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How many umbilican veins & arteries are there? Which delivers oxygen to the foal? What do they all become?
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1 umbilican vein...it delivers oxygen to the foal then becomes the falciform lg
2 umbilican veins...become round ligaments of the bladder |
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To deliver oxygen to the alveoli, you need _______ to prevent collapse. Air flow (incr/decreases) pulmonary vasculature resistance & RA pressure.
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surfactant
decreases |
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When does "transition" begin?
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Stage II labor
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What triggers the gasping reflex by the foal?
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placental separation & transient asphyxia (--> increased resistance in the umbilical circulation & increased systemic vascular resistance)
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What does the gasping reflex accomplish?
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clears the airway & expands the chest
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What happens as the fetus is moving thru the pelvic canal?
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chest compression --> evacuation & absorption of fluid from the lungs --> inflation
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What is the result of establishment of neonatal circulation, ie lung inflation & increased alveolar oxygen tension.
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decreased pulmonary vascular resistance
decreased RA pressure functional closure of FO & DA |
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T/F During parturition, normal foals endure a brief period of anoxia.
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true
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Pulmonary hypertension (due to ______) promotes right-to-left shunting of blood.
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due to hypoxemia
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What's TPR in a neonate?
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99-102
80-100 (then decreases 60-70 at some point) |
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What are two commonest causes of subnormal temperatures (under 99) in neonatal foals?
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environment
septicemia |
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When does HR decrease to 60/70?
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by 2-3 mos
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When is auscultation of a murmur or arrhythmia NOT normal?
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after 3 days
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What could cause a bradycardia in a neonatal foal?
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hyperkalemia
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What could cause hyperkalemia in a neonatal foal?
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uroabdomen
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What could cause a ruptured bladder in a neonatal foal?
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dystocia
trauma sepsis |
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Is it normal to hear moist lung sounds in a foal?
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immediately after birth, yes
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What is RR at birth? What does it go down to (in a couple mos I guess?)
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60-80
30-40 |
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Are abdominal excursions part of the normal respirations of a foal?
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no
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Why do we perform thoracic palpation on a foal, especially if he exhibits rapid, shallow breaths?
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Rib fx
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If we palpate a rib fx, how are we going to determine whether there are any little shards in there that could stab the lung?
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U/S
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Are rib fractures common in a foal?
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yeah, even if they had a normal delivery
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What are CS of fractured ribs?
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elevated RR
rapid, shallow breaths |
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What vessel could a fractured rib lacerate (with devastating results)?
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thoracic artery
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Where do most fractures occur along the rib?
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@ the CCJ
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T/F Fluid is ausculted in the lungs & trachea after birth.
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true
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What is campylorrhinus?
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wry nose
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T/F A normal neonate possesses a menace response.
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false...they don't know to be scared of the finger coming at their eye yet so they don't blink.
Menace is a learned response, not an innate reflex. |
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Entropion of which eyelid is most common?
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lower
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What could cause hypopyon?
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Rhodococcus or a dirty uterus during gestation
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How long after birth does the umbilicus rupture?
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5 min
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What do you clean the umbilical stump with?
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dilute chlorhex >BID
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Umbilical hernias smaller than _____ will close on their own.
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2cm
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When do we worry about umbilical hernias?
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if the defect is large enough for intestine to come thru & strangulate
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What causes an omphalophlebitis (aka Navel Ill)
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environment or our dirty hands (wear gloves around foals!)
omphalophlebitis --> sick, febrile little baby |
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When can a patent urachus occur in a foal?
Treatment? |
when they're sick, eg in the hospital...
Usually treated medically, but if its from an umbilical infection you're going to do surgery to prevent omphalophlebitis |
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What is the commonest angular limb deformity of foals?
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carpus valgus
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What are two musculoskeletal conditions we talked about in class that represent premature birth?
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incomplete ossificaiton of tarsal bones
fetlock tendon laxity |
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Neonatal bloodwork is a pain in my freaking butt & the last thing I want to be studying right now...besides PIGS... anyway what do we have to know about the WBCs?
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more neutrophils than lymphocytes...should be greater than a ratio of 2.5
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What do we have to know about neutrophils in a newborn?
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they are functional at birth but kinda dumb...they haven't learned to perform opsonization well yet...
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T/F Plasma transfusion of a foal is an option.
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true...something about neutrophils
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T/F The WBC count continues to fall after birth.
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false thats dumb. The babies need WBCs to prevent them from getting baby diseases, so the body pumps out more & more WBCs
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What can a hypoproteinemia in a newborn foal mean.
Hyperproteinemia? |
hypoproteinemia from FPT
hyper from dehydration There is always a gray zone, make sure to take your PCV & USG into account when interpreting. |
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BUN is
Alk Phos is GGT is |
BUN is low...they're on a pure liquid diet = diluted out.
Alk phos is high because their bones are growing GGT is transiently increased |
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What 2 diseases can cause hypercreatinemia?
If a baby is born with high CT, when should it normalize by? |
Dummy Foal
Placentitis Should normalize by 72 hours |
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If GGT remains increased for a couple weeks, what disease do you think of?
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duodenal ulcers?
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What is USG of a newborn foal on an all milk diet?
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it's dilute...super dilute. 1005
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What are 3 "foal peculiarities?"
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Hippomane (in the placenta)
Meconium (1st feces) Epinuchium (angel slippers) |
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How can you tell that a newborn foal has walked?
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its epinuchium will be worn away
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A foal should nurse by 3 hours...tell me 4 events on a newborn foal's timeline.
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2 min sits sternal
30 mins has a suckle reflex 1 hour stands 2 hours nurse |
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T/F Failure to stand & nurse by 3 hours old is "A"B"normal.
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haaaaa true.
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Why is it critical the foal starts nursing within 2-3 hours after birth?
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so he can get his colostrum...he needs those IgGs
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When are IgGs transferred to the mammary gland?
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about 2 weeks prior to foaling
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What are the core vaccines in horses.
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EEE/WEE
WNV Rabies Tetanus |
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What are 2 vx we can give pregnant mares?
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EHV-1 @ 7, 9, 10 mos
Rotavirus |
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WHEN do you vx a pregnant mare @ Rotavirus?
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only if she lives on a farm with a history of Rota
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T/F There is transfer of some antibodies across the placenta during gestation.
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false. They basically have 2 different circulatory systems...there is virtually no transfer of Ab prior to birth
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What kind of placentation do mares have?
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diffuse epitheliochorial/microcotyledonary placenta
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How does foal get Ab from colostrum into his bloodstream?
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pinocytosis by specialized enterocytes in the SI
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Which horse is awesome at producing good-quality colostrum? Which breed sucks?
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Arabians are great moms
TB/SB kinda suck |
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______ toxicity can cause agalactiae.
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fescue
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T/F Only antibodies (IgG) can be absorbed via pinocytosis.
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false--anything is absorbed, including environmental pathogens
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T/F A good suckle does not ensure adequate IgG transfer.
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true
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How much colostrum should a foal receive?
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at least 1g/kg
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What is a good SG of colostrum?
How many g/L IgG does this contain? |
1060 = 30 g/L
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So how many liters of colostrum does an average newborn (50kg) require?
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1.5-2 L
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What do you use to measure colostrum?
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colostrometer
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Mare colostrum is ideal for a newborn, but if there is none around you can use bovine.
Why do we bother? |
not because the bovine will pass any Ab, but because those Ab will be pinocytosed instead of bacteria & shit
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What's the easiest way to ensure a foal gets colostrum?
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NG tube
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T/F We hope to initiate closure of the GIT with a source other than pathogens from the environment.
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true...hence we get cow colostrum in them if we don't have equine available
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What are the red flags indicating FPT?
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placentitis (= premature)
premature domed head soft little curly ears |
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How do you know if your foal has suffered from FPT?
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IgG SNAP test...if <200 = FPT....<400 = not good... we definitely want them ABOVE 400, preferably @ 800
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What does IgG levels of 800 indicate?
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complete passive transfer of immunity
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How do you provide Ab to boost the IgG level in a newborn?
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plasma transfusion...but 1L only boosts IgG by 100 points & is $$$
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She thinks any foal less than 400 should get Ab support via plasma transfusion.
Does this require a blood administration set? |
yes
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Are foals born with neutrophils that have "memory?"
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no...the immune system is competent but not mature
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