Chamberlain A&p Sem1Sess1Week3Ch4

Front 1

Tissue

Back 1

A group of similar cells that has a common embryonic origin and functions together to carry out specialized activities

Front 2

Histology

Back 2

The science that deals with the study of tissues

Front 3

Pathologist

Back 3

A physician who specializes in laboratory studies of cells and tissues to help other physicians make accurate diagnoses

Front 4

Epithelial tissue

Back 4

Covers body surfaces and lines hollow organs, body cavities, and ducts. It also forms glands.

Front 5

Connective tissue

Back 5

Protects and supports the body and its organs. May bind organs together, store energy reserves as fat, or help provide immunity to disease-causing organisms.

Front 6

Muscle tissue

Back 6

generates the physical force needed to make body sructures move.

Front 7

Nervous tissue

Back 7

detects changes in a variety of conditions inside and outside the body and responds by generating nerve impulses that help maintain homeostasis.

Front 8

Three primary germ layers

Back 8

Ectoderm

Mesoderm

Endoderm

Front 9

Mesoderm

Back 9

gives rise to all connective tissues and most muscle tissues

Front 10

Ectoderm

Back 10

gives rise to nervous tissue.

Front 11

Biopsy

Back 11

the removal of a sample of living tissue for microscopic examination

Front 12

Cell junctions

Back 12

Contact points between the plasma membranes of tissue cells

Front 13

Three functions of cell junctions

Back 13

1. forming seals between cells

2. anchoring cells to one another/to extracellular material

3. providing channels that allow ions and molecules to pass from cell to cell within a tissue

Front 14

Five Primary Cell Junctions

Back 14

1. Tight junctions

2. Adherens junctions

3. Desmosomes

4. Hemidesmosomes

5. Gap junctions

Front 15

Structure of tight junctions

Back 15

consist of tight, weblike strands of transmembrane proteins that fuse the outer surfaces of adjacent plasma membranes together.

Front 16

Structure of adherens junctions

Back 16

Contain plaque and cadherins. Cadherins partially cross the space between cells to join with other cadherins.

Front 17

Cadherins

Back 17

-transmembrane glycoproteins that attach epithelial surfaces together to resist separation.

Front 18

Structure of desmosomes

Back 18

Contain plaque & have cadherins. Intermediate filaments made of keratin that extend from desmosomes on one side of the cell across the cytosol to desmosomes on the opposite side of the cell.

Front 19

Function of Tight Junction

Back 19

Slow down or impede passage of substances between cells and thus prevent the contents of these organs from leaking into the blood or surrounding tissues.

Front 20

Location of Tight Junctions

Back 20

Cells of epithelial tissues that line the stomach, intestines, and urinary bladder.

Front 21

Adhesion junction

Back 21

extensive zone of cadherins that encircles an epithelial cell.

Front 22

Function of adherens junctions

Back 22

To help epithelial cells to resist separation.

Front 23

Location of adherens junctions

Back 23

epithelial cells

Front 24

3 Functions of desmosomes

Back 24

1. To contribute to the stability of the cells & tissue.

2. To prevent epidermal cells from separating under tension.

3. To prevent cardiac muscle cells from pulling apart during contraction.

Front 25

Plaque

Back 25

A dense layer of proteins on the inside of the plasma membrane that attaches to the proteins of both cytoskeleton and plasma membrane.

Front 26

2 Locations of desmosomes

Back 26

epidermal cells and cardiac muscle cells

Front 27

Function of hemidesmosomes

Back 27

To anchor cells to the basement membrane

Front 28

Structure of hemidesmosomes

Back 28

Resemble desmosomes but lack links to adjacent cells, making them look like half a desmosome.
Transmembrane glycoproteins are integrins (rather than cadherins).

Front 29

Integrin

Back 29

Attach on the inside of the plasma membrane to the intermediate keratin filaments.
Attach on the outside of the plasma membrane to the protein laminin.

Front 30

Function of gap junctions

Back 30

Allow the cells in a tissue to communicate with each other by allowing small ions and molecules to diffuse from one cell to another.

Front 31

Structure of gap junctions

Back 31

Membrane proteins called connexins form tiny fluid-filled tunnels called connexons that connect neighboring cells.

Plasma membranes not fused together as in tight junctions but rather separated by very narrow intercellular gap.

Front 32

Location of gap junctions

Back 32

- Nervous tissue

- Cardiac muscle

- Muscle of the GI tract

Front 33

Structure of epithelium (aka epithelial tissue)

Back 33

- Cells arranged in continuous sheets (either single or multiple layers).

- Cells closely packed and held together tightly by many cell junctions with very little intercellular space.

Front 34

Surfaces of epithelial cells

Back 34

1. Apical surface

2. Lateral surface

3. Basal surface

Front 35

Apical surface

Back 35

free surface of the epithelial cell facing the body surface, cavity, lumen, or duct.

Front 36

Lateral surface

Back 36

surface of an epithelial cell facing the adjacent cells

Front 37

Basal surface

Back 37

Opposite apical surface

Adheres to extracellular materials (ie. site of attachment to basement membrane)

Front 38

Basement membrane

Back 38

Thin extracellular layer to which epithelial cells are attached.

Front 39

2 layers of basement membrane

Back 39

Basal lamina

Reticular Lamina

Front 40

Basal Lamina

Back 40

Closer to the epithelial cells and is secreted by them.

Contains
- the proteins collagen and laminin
- glycoproteins
- proteoglycans

Front 41

Reticular lamina

Back 41

Closer to the underlying connective tissue.
Contains fibrous proteins produced by connective tissue cells called fibroblasts.

Front 42

4 Roles of basement membranes

Back 42

1. Primary: To attach to and support overlying epithelial tissue.

2. To form a surface along which epithelial cells migrate during growth or wound healing.

3. To restrict passage of larger molecules between epithelium and connective tissue.

4. To participate in filtration of blood in the kidneys.

Front 43

Epithelial tissue lacks its own

Back 43

blood supply.

Front 44

Avascular (definition)

Back 44

Lacking its own blood supply.

Front 45

Source of nutrients and waste removal for epithelial tissue

Back 45

Adjacent connective tissue

Front 46

2 types of epithelial tissue

Back 46

1. covering and lining epithelium

2. glandular epithelium

Front 47

3 arrangements of cell layers among covering and lining epithelia

Back 47

1. Simple epithelium

2. Stratified epithelium

3. Pseudostratified epithelium

Front 48

Structure of simple epithelium

Back 48

Single layer of cells

Front 49

5 functions of simple epithelium

Back 49

1. Diffusion

2. Osmosis

3. Filtration

4. Secretion

5. Absorption

Front 50

Structure of stratified epithelium

Back 50

Two or more layers of cells

Front 51

Function of stratified epithelium

Back 51

Protect underlying tissues in locations where there is considerable wear and tear

Front 52

Structure of pseudostratified epithelium

Back 52

Contains only a single layer of cells, but appears to have multiple layers because the cell nuclei lie at different levels and not all cells reach the apical surface.

Front 53

4 Cell shapes of covering and lining epithelia

Back 53

1. Squamous

2. Cuboidal

3. Columnar

4. Transitional

Front 54

Squamous

Back 54

Thin

Arranged like floor tiles

Allow for rapid movement of substances through them.

Front 55

Cuboidal

(structure & function)

Back 55

Structure: Tall as they are wide

Shaped like cubes or hexagons

May have microvilli at apical surface

Function: either secretion of absorption

Front 56

Columnar

(structure & function)

Back 56

Structure: Much taller than they are wide

Apical surface may have cilia or microvilli

Function: Specialized for secretion and absorption

Front 57

Transitional

Back 57

Change shape, from cuboidal to flat and back, as organs stretch to a larger size then collapse to a smaller size.

Front 58

Microvilli

Back 58

microscopic fingerlike cytoplasmic projections that increase the surface area of the plasma membrane

Front 59

Goblet cells

Back 59

modified columnar epithelial cells that secrete mucus

Front 60

Gland

Back 60

1. a single cell or group of cells

2. secretes substances into ducts, onto a surface, or into blood

3. either endocrine or exocrine

Front 61

Endocrine glands

Back 61

secrete hormones into the interstitial fluid that then diffuse directly into bloodstream.

Front 62

Exocrine glands

Back 62

secrete their products into ducts that empty onto the surface of a covering-and-lining-epithelium (eg. sweat glands, salivary glands)

Front 63

2 classifications of exocrine glands

Back 63

1. Unicellular exocrine glands

2. Multicellular exocrine glands

Front 64

Unicellular exocrine gland example

Back 64

Goblet cells

Front 65

Multicellular gland examples

Back 65

Sudoriferous

Sebaceous

Salivary

Front 66

Multicellular gland branching categories (2)

Back 66

1. Simple gland: unbranched

2. Compound gland: branched

Front 67

Multicellular gland shape categories (2)

Back 67

1. Tubular glands

2. Acinar glands (rounded)

Front 68

5 types of simple glands

Back 68

1. Simple tubular

2. Simple branched tubular

3. Simple coiled tubular

4. Simple acinar

5. Simple branched acinar

Front 69

3 types of compound glands

Back 69

1. Compound tubular

2. Compound acinar

3. Compound tubuloacinar

Front 70

3 functional classifications of exocrine glands
(based on how secretion is released)

Back 70

1. Merocrine

2. Apocrine

3. Holocrine

Front 71

Merocrine gland

Back 71

Secretion synthesized on ribosomes attached to rough ER; processed, sorted, and packaged by the Golgi complex; and released from the cell in secretory vesicles via exocytosis.

Front 72

Apocrine gland

Back 72

Accumulates secretory product at the apical surface of thesecreting cell. That portion of the cell pinches off from the rest of the cell to release the secretion. The remaining part of the cell repairs itself and repeats the process.

Front 73

Holocrine gland

Back 73

accumulates secretory product in the cytosol and ruptures.

Front 74

Example of merocrine gland

Back 74

Most exocrine glands.
eg. salivary glands, pancreatic glands.

Front 75

Example of holocrine gland

Back 75

sebaceous gland

Front 76

6 functions of connective tissue

Back 76

1. Binds together, supports, and strengthens other body tissues

2. Protects and insulates internal organs

3. Compartmentalizes structures such as skeletal muscle

4. Major transport system within the body (ie. blood)

5. Major site of stored energy reserves (ie. fat)

6. Main site of immune responses

Front 77

Matrix

Back 77

The ground substance and fibers between cells in connective tissue.

Front 78

Fibroblast
(structure, function)

Back 78

1. Structure: large, flat cells with branching processes.

2. Function: migrate through connective tissue, secreting the fibers and ground substance of the matrix

Front 79

Macrophages
(structure, function)

Back 79

1. Structure: irregularly shaped with short branching projections.

2. Function: to engulf bacteria and cellular debris by phagocytosis. Cells either roam the tissues and gather at sites of infection/inflammation or they are fixed in a particular tissue.

Front 80

Plasma Cells

(structure, function, location)

Back 80

1. Structure: Small

2. Secrete antibodies

3. Especially abundant in GI & respiratory tracts, salivary glands, lymph nodes, and red bone marrow.

Front 81

Mast cells

(function & location)

Back 81

1. Function: Produce histamine

2. Location: Abundant alongside the blood vessels that supply connective tissue.

Front 82

Adipocytes

(function & location)

Back 82

1. Function: Store triglycerides

2. Location: below the skin and around organs such as the heart and kidneys

Front 83

White blood cells

(location)

Back 83

Location: Sites of immune response (eg. infection, parasitic invasion, allergic response)

Front 84

Ground substance

(function)

Back 84

To support cells, bind them together, and provide a medium through which substances are exchanged between the blood and cells.

Front 85

3 types of loose connective tissue

Back 85

A. Areolar connective tissue

B. Adipose tissue

C. Reticular Connective tissue

Front 86

Areolar connective tissue
(description: fiber types, cell types)

Back 86

Fibers: collagen, elastic, reticular
Cells: fibroblasts, macrophages, plasma cells, adipocytes, mast cells
semifluid ground substance

Front 87

Areolar connective tissue
(4 locations)

Back 87

1. Subcutaneous layer (deep to skin)
2. Papillary (superficial) region of dermis of skin

3. Lamina propria of mucous membranes

4. Around blood vessels, nerves, and body organs

Front 88

Areolar connective tissue
(3 functions)

Back 88

1. Strength,

2. elasticity,

3. support

Front 89

Adipose connective tissue
(description)

Back 89

1. Consists of adipocytes

2. cells specialized to store triglycerides as a large centrally located droplet

3. nucleus and cytoplasm are peripherally located.

Front 90

Adipose connective tissue

(4 functions)

Back 90

1. Reduces heat loss through skin

2. serves as an energy reserve

3. supports

4. protects.

Front 91

Adipose connective tissue
(location)

Back 91

1. Subcutaneous layer deep to skin

2. around heart and kidneys

3. yellow bone marrow

4. padding around joints

5. behind eyeball in eye socket

Front 92

Reticular connective tissue
(description)

Back 92

A network of interlacing reticular fibers and reticular cells

Front 93

Reticular connective tissue
(3 functions)

Back 93

1. Forms stroma of organs

2. Binds together smooth muscle tissue cells

3. Filters and removes worn-out blood cells in the spleen and microbes in the lymph nodes

Front 94

Reticular connective tissue
(6 locations)

Back 94

1. Stroma (supporting framework) of liver

2. spleen

3. lymph nodes

4. red bone marrow

5. reticular lamina of the basement membrane 6. all around blood vessels and muscles

Front 95

3 types of dense connective tissue

Back 95

A. Dense regular connective tissue

B. Dense irregular connective tissue

C. Elastic connective tissue

Front 96

Dense regular connective tissue
(3 descriptions)

Back 96

Shiny white matrix

Consists mainly of collagen fibers arranged in bundles

Fibroblasts present in rows between bundles

Front 97

Dense regular connective tissue
(function)

Back 97

Provides strong attachments between various structures.

Front 98

Dense regular connective tissue
(3 locations)

Back 98

1. Forms tendons (attach muscle to bone)

2. Forms most ligaments (attach bone to bone)

3. Aponeuroses (sheetlike tendons that attach muscle to muscle or muscle to bone)

Front 99

Dense irregular connective tissue

(description)

Back 99

1. Predominantly collagen fibers.

2. Randomly Arranged

3. A few fibroblasts

Front 100

Dense irregular connective tissue
(function)

Back 100

Provides strength

Front 101

Dense irregular connective tissue

(8 locations)

Back 101

1. Fasciae

2. Reticular region of dermis and skin

3. Periosteum of bone

4. Perichondrium of cartilage

5. Joint capsules

6. Membrane capsules around various organs

7. Pericardium of heart

8. Heart valves

Front 102

Elastic connective tissue
(description)

Back 102

1. Predominantly freely branching elastic fibers
2. Fibroblasts present in spaces between fibers

Front 103

Elastic connective tissue
(1 function)

Back 103

Allows for stretching of various organs

Front 104

Elastic connective tissue
(7 locations)

Back 104

1. Lung tissue

2. walls of elastic arteries

3. trachea

4. bronchial tubes

5. true vocal chords

6. suspensory ligament of penis

7. ligaments between vertebrae

Front 105

3 types of cartilage

Back 105

1. Hyaline

2. Fibrocartilage

3. Elastic cartilage

Front 106

Hyaline cartilage

(description)

Back 106

1. Bluish-white, shiny ground substance

2. with fine collagen fibers

3. many chondrocytes

4. most abundant type of cartilage

Front 107

Hyaline cartilage
(function)

Back 107

1. provides smooth surfaces for movement at joints

2. flexibility

3. support

Front 108

Hyaline cartilage
(location)

Back 108

1. ends of long bones

2. anterior ends of

a. ribs

b. nose

c. parts of (i) larynx, (ii) trachea, (iii) bronchi, (iv) bronchial tubes

Front 109

Fibrocartilage
(description)

Back 109

Chondrocytes scattered among bundles of collagen fibers within the matrix

Front 110

Fibrocartilage
(2 functions)

Back 110

1. support

2. fusion

Front 111

Fibrocartilage

(4 locations)

Back 111

1. Pubic symphysis

2. Intervertebral discs

3. Menisci of knee

4. Portions of tendons that insert into cartilage

Front 112

Elastic cartilage
(description)

Back 112

Chondrocytes located in a threadlike network of elastic fibers within the matrix.

Front 113

Elastic cartilage

(2 functions)

Back 113

1. gives support

2. maintains shape

Front 114

Elastic cartilage
(3 locations)

Back 114

1. Lid on top of larynx (epiglottis)

2. Part of external ear (auricle)

3. Eustachian tubes

Front 115

2 types of bone tissue

Back 115

1. Compact bone

2. Spongy bone

Front 116

Compact bone
(description: name of system and its 5 parts)

Back 116

Consists of osteons (Haversian systems) that contain (i) lamellae, (ii) lacunae, (iii) ostocytes, (iv) canaliculi, and (v) central (Haversian) canals.

Front 117

Compact & spongy bone
(4 functions)

Back 117

1. support

2. protection

3. houses blood-forming tissue

4. serves as levers that act together with the muscle tissue to enable movement

Front 118

Compact & spongy bone
(location)

Back 118

Make up the various bones of the body.

Front 119

Spongy bone
(description)

Back 119

Consists of trabeculae instead of osteons; spaces between trabeculae consist of red bone marrow

Front 120

Osteon
(5 parts)

Back 120

1. lamellae

2. lacunae

3. osteocytes

4. canaliculi

5. central (Haversian) canals

Front 121

Lamellae
(definition)

Back 121

Concentric rings of matrix that consist of
1. mineral salts
a. mostly calcium and phosphates
b. give bone its hardness
2. collagen fibers
a. give bone its strength

Front 122

Lacunae
(definition)

Back 122

Small spaces between lamelae that contain mature bone cells called osteocytes.

Front 123

Osteocytes
(definition)

Back 123

mature bone cell

Front 124

Canaliculi
(definition: location, description, function)

Back 124

1. location: project from the lacunae

2. description: networks of miniature canals that contain the processes of osteocytes.
3. function: provide routes for nutrients to reach osteocytes and for wastes to leave them.

Front 125

Central (Haversian) canals

Back 125

contains blood vessels and nerves

Front 126

Trabeculae

Back 126

Spongy bone's equivalent of osteons.
Contains the same 5 parts of osteons but is arranged into columns rather than concentric circles.

Front 127

Blood tissue
(description & cell types)

Back 127

1. Description: fluid matrix consists of plasma and blood cells.
2. Blood cell types:

a. erythrocytes

b. leukocytes

c. thrombocytes

Front 128

Blood tissue
(function of each cell)

Back 128

1. Erythrocytes transport O2 and CO2

2. Leukocytes carry on phagocytosis and are involved in allergic reactions and immune system responses.

3. Thrombocytes (platelets) essential to blood clotting.

Front 129

Blood tissue
(2 locations)

Back 129

1. within blood vessels
2. within the chambers of the heart

Front 130

2 classifications of epithelial tissues

Back 130

1. Covering and lining epithelium

2. Glandular epithelium

Front 131

9 types of covering and lining epithelium

Back 131

1. Simple squamous epithelium

2. Simple cuboidal epithelium

3. Nonciliated simple columnar epithelium

4. Ciliated simple columnar epithelium

5. Stratified squamous epithelium

6. Stratified cuboidal epithelium

7. Stratified columnar epithelium

8. Transitional epithelium

9. Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Front 132

Simple squamous epithelium
(description)

Back 132

Single layer of flat cells; centrally located nucleus.

Front 133

Simple squamous epithelium
(4 functions)

Back 133

1. filtration

2. diffusion

3. osmosis

4. secretion in serous membranes

Front 134

Simple squamous epithelium
(7 locations)

Back 134

1. lining heart

2. lining blood vessels

3. lining lymphatic vessels

4. lining air sacs of lungs

5. lining Bowman's capsule of kidneys

6. lining tympanic membrane of eardrum

7. forming epithelial layer of serous membranes (eg. peritoneum)

Front 135

Simple cuboidal epithelium
(description)

Back 135

Single layer of cube-shaped cells; centrally located nucleus.

Front 136

Simple cuboidal epithelium
(2 functions)

Back 136

1. secretion

2. absorption

Front 137

SImple cuboidal epithelium
(5 locations)

Back 137

1. Covering surface of ovary

2. Lining anterior surface of capsule of eye lens

3. Forming pigmented epithelium at the back of the eye

4. Lining kidney tubules and smaller ducts of many glands.

5. Makes up secreting portion of some glands (eg. thyroid) & ducts of some glands (eg. pancreas)

Front 138

Nonciliated simple columnar epithelium
(description)

Back 138

Single layer of nonciliated rectangular cells with nuclei near base of cells; contains goblet cels and cells with microvilli in some locations.

Front 139

Nonciliated simple columnar epithelium
(2 functions)

Back 139

1. secretion

2. absorption

Front 140

Noncilated simple columnar epithelium
(3 locations)

Back 140

1. Lining GI tract from stomach to anus
2. Lining ducts of many glands

3. Lining gallbladder

Front 141

Ciliated simple columnar epithelium
(description)

Back 141

Single layer of ciliated rectangular cells with nuclei near base of cells; contain goblet cells in some locations.

Front 142

Ciliated simple columnar epithelium
(1 function)

Back 142

Moves mucus and other substances by ciliary action.

Front 143

Ciliated simple columnar epithelium
(5 locations)

Back 143

1. Lining a few portions of the upper respiratory tract

2. Lining Fallopian tubes

3. Lining uterus

4. Lining some paranasal sinuses

5. Lining central canal of spinal cord

Front 144

Stratified squamous epithelium
(4-point description)

Back 144

1. Several layers of cells

2. Deep layers: cuboidal to columnar in shape

3. Superficial layers: squamous in shape

4. Cells from the basal layer replace surface cells as they are lost

Front 145

Stratified squamous epithelium
(1 function)

Back 145

Protection

Front 146

Stratified squamous epithelium
(locations of keratinized & non-keratinized versions)

Back 146

1. Keratinized: superficial layer of skin
2. Nonkeratinized: lining wet surfaces (eg. such as lining of mouth, esophagus, part of epiglottis, vagina, tongue)

Front 147

Stratified cuboidal epithelium
(description)

Back 147

Two or more layers in which the cells in the apical layer are cuboidal.

Front 148

Stratified cuboidal epithelium
(2 functions)

Back 148

1. protection

2. limited secretion and absorption

Front 149

Stratified cuboidal epithelium
(3 locations)

Back 149

1. Ducts of adult sweat glands
2. Ducts of esophageal glands
3. Ducts of part of the male urethra

Front 150

Stratified columnar epithelium
(description)

Back 150

Several layers of irregularly shaped cells; columnar cells are only in the apical layer.

Front 151

Stratified columnar epithelium
(2 functions)

Back 151

1. Protection
2. Secretion

Front 152

Stratified columnar epithelium
(2 locations)

Back 152

1. Lines part of the urethra
2. Forms large excretory ducts of some glands

Front 153

Transitional epithelium
(description)

Back 153

Appearance varies:
shape of cells in apical layer ranges from squamous (when stretched) to cuboidal (when relaxed).

Front 154

Transitional epithelium
(function)

Back 154

Permits distention (stretching)

Front 155

Transitional epithelium
(locations)

Back 155

Lining urinary bladder and portions of ureters and urethra.

Front 156

Pseudostratified columnar
(description)

Back 156

Not a true stratified tissue; nuclei of cels are at different levels; all cells are attached to basement membrane, but not all reach the surface.

Front 157

Pseudostratified columnar
(2 functions)

Back 157

1. Secretion

2. Movement of mucus by ciliary action

Front 158

Pseudostratified columnar
(location of ciliated vs. nonciliated)

Back 158

1. Ciliated: lining the airways of most of the upper respiratory tract

2. Non-ciliated: lining larger ducts of many glands (eg. epididymis, part of the male urethra).

Front 159

2 types of glandular epithelium

Back 159

1. endocrine

2. exocrine

Front 160

Endocrine glandular epithelium

(description)

Back 160

Secretory products (hormones) diffuse into blood after passing through interstitial fluid.

Front 161

Endocrine glandular epithelium
(function)

Back 161

To produce hormones that regulate various body activities.

Front 162

Endocrine glandular epithelium
(location)

Back 162

Located in hormone-producing glands (eg. pituitary, pineal, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas, ovaries, testes, thymus)

Front 163

Exocrine glandular epithelium
(description)

Back 163

Secretory products released into ducts

Front 164

Exocrine glandular epithelium
(function)

Back 164

Produce mucous, sweat, oil, earwax, saliva, or digestive enzymes

Front 165

Exocrine glandular epithelium
(2 locations)

Back 165

1. Glands of the skin, such as sweat, oil, and earwax.

2. Glands of the digestive tract, such as salivary and pancreatic.

Front 166

Membrane
(definition)

Back 166

flat sheets of pliable tissue that cover or line a part of the body

Front 167

2 types of membranes

Back 167

1. Epithelial

2. Synovial

Front 168

4 primary types of epithelial membranes

Back 168

1. Mucous membrane
2. Serous membrane
3. Synovial membrane

4. Cutaneous membrane (skin)

Front 169

Synovial membrane
(description & location)

Back 169

1. Description: contains connective tissue but no epithelium

2. Location: lines joints

Front 170

Mucous membrane
(location)

Back 170

Lining body cavities that open directly to the exterior (eg. digestive, respiratory, reproductive tracts, much of the urinary tract)

Front 171

Mucous membrane
(description)

Back 171

1. Cells connected by tight junctions

2. Contains many goblet cells
3. Comprised of epithelium and lamina propria

Front 172

Lamina propria
(definition)

Back 172

The layer of areolar connective tissue in a mucous membrane which functions to

1. support the epithelium,

2. bind epithelium to underlying structures,

3. allow flexibility of the membrane

4. provide oxygen and nutrients to the epithelium and take away CO2.

Front 173

Serous membrane

(2 locations)

Back 173

1. Lining body cavities that do not open directly to the exterior and
2. Covering organs within those cavities.

Front 174

2 layers of serous membranes
(w/ their locations)

Back 174

1. Parietal: attached to cavity wall

2. Visceral: attached to organs within cavity

Front 175

3 Primary serous membranes of the body
(w/ their locations)

Back 175

1. Pleura: thoracic cavity

2. Pericardium: heart (pericardial) cavity

3. Peritoneum: abdominal cavity

Front 176

Muscle tissue: 3 types

Back 176

1. Skeletal muscle tissue

2. Smooth muscle tissue

3. Cardiac muscle tissue

Front 177

Skeletal muscle tissue
(4-point description)

Back 177

1. Striated

2. Long & cylindrical shape

3. Multiple nuclei located on periphery of cell
4. Arranged parallel to one another

Front 178

Skeletal muscle tissue
(function)

Back 178

Voluntary movement

Front 179

Skeletal muscle tissue
(location)

Back 179

Attached to the bones of the skeleton.

Front 180

Smooth muscle tissue
(4-point description)

Back 180

1. non-striated (hence smooth)

2. thick in the middle, tapering ends

3. Single, centrally located nucleus.

4. Often connected by gap junctions.

Front 181

Smooth muscle tissue
(function)

Back 181

Involuntary movement of organs (eg. squeezing blood vessels, peristalsis of the GI tract)

Front 182

Smooth muscle tissue
(location)

Back 182

Walls of hollow internal structures
(eg. blood vessels, airways to the lungs, stomach, intestines, gallbladder, urinary bladder)

Front 183

Cardiac muscle tissue
(description)

Back 183

1. striated

2. branched

3. single centrally located nucleus

4. attached by intercalated discs

Front 184

Cardiac muscle
(function)

Back 184

Involuntary contraction of the heart, quick conduction of action potentials.

Front 185

Cardiac muscle
(location)

Back 185

forming most of the wall of the heart

Front 186

2 cells of nervous tissue

Back 186

1. Neurons

2. Neuroglia

Front 187

Parts of Neuron
(w/ their functions)

Back 187

1. Cell body: interprets stimuli, regulates cell function

2. Dendrites: receive stimuli

3. Axon: conducts nerve impulses toward another neuron or some other tissue.

Front 188

Neuroglia
(function)

Back 188

To support the neurons.

Front 189

Fibrosis

Back 189

The replacement of tissue (performed by fibroblasts) with new fibrous connective tissue called scar tissue.

Front 190

Tissue regeneration

Back 190

near-perfect reconstruction of injured tissues

Front 191

Adhesion

Back 191

Abnormal joining of parts to each other due to the formation of scar tissue.