Chamberlain A&p Sem1Sess1Week1

Front 1

Anatomy

Back 1

The study of the structure of the body.

Front 2

Physiology

Back 2

The study of how the body's structures function.

Front 3

Primary elements of the body

Back 3

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorous

Front 4

Chemical Level of Structural Organization

Back 4

Atoms & molecules.

Front 5

Cells

Back 5

The basic structural and functional unit of an organism.

Front 6

Tissues

Back 6

Consist of groups of similar cells with a common specialization.

Front 7

Organs

Back 7

Forms composed of at least two different types of tissues.

Front 8

Systems

Back 8

Consist of related organs that share a common function.

Front 9

The human organism

Back 9

A collection of structural and functional organ systems.

Front 10

The Eleven Systems of the Human Body

Back 10

Digestive, Reproductive, Integumentary, Nervous, Skeletal, Muscular, Urinary, Respiratory, Cardiovascular, Endocrine, Lymphatic

Front 11

6 Characteristics of Living Organisms

Back 11

Metabolism, Responsiveness, Movement, Growth, Differentiation, Reproduction

Front 12

Metabolism

Back 12

The sum of all chemical reactions that occur in the body (including catabolism & anabolism)

Front 13

Responsiveness

Back 13

The ability to detect and respond to changes in the external and internal environment.

Front 14

Movement

Back 14

Motion of the whole body

Front 15

Growth

Back 15

Increase in size & complexity

Front 16

Differentiation

Back 16

Change in a cell from unspecialized to specialized.

Front 17

Reproduction

Back 17

Formation of new cells or production of a new individual.

Front 18

Homeostasis

Back 18

A condition of equilibrium (ie. balance) in the bodily environment.

Front 19

Systems regulating homeostasis

Back 19

Nervous & endocrine systems.

Front 20

pH of Blood

Back 20

7.4

Front 21

The role of the nervous system in regulating homeostasis

Back 21

Detects change & sends signals (causing rapid changes).

Front 22

The role of the endocrine system in regulating homeostasis

Back 22

Produces & secretes hormones (causing slow changes).

Front 23

Stimulus

Back 23

Any disruption that changes a controlled condition.

Front 24

Feedback System

Back 24

A cycle of events in which information about the status of a condition is continually monitored and fed back (reported) to a central control region.

Front 25

Three components of a feedback system

Back 25

Receptor

Control Center

Effector

Front 26

Role of the receptor within the feedback system

Back 26

To monitor changes in a controlled condition.

Front 27

Role of the control center within the feedback system

Back 27

To receive input and send regulating signals.

Front 28

Role of the effector within the feedback system

Back 28

To execute change (ie. the regulatory action).

Front 29

Negative Feedback System

Back 29

Responds by reversing the original stimulus.
(eg. blood pressure regulation)

Front 30

Positive Feedback System

Back 30

Responds by strengthening/reinforcing a change in one of the body's controlled conditions.

(eg. labor contractions)

Front 31

Homeostatic Imbalances

Back 31

Can lead to disorders, disease, & DEAAAATH

Front 32

Anatomical Position

Back 32

The standardized method of observing/imaging the body that allows precise and consistent anatomical references:

Subject stands erect, facing the observer, palms forward,bottoms of feet flat to the ground.

Front 33

Regional names

Back 33

Refer to specific regions of the body for reference (no ****!)

(eg. cranial, thoracic, brachial, patellar, cephalic, and gluteal.)

Front 34

Directional terms

Back 34

used to precisely locate one part of the body relative to another.
(eg. dorsal, superior, medial, distal)

Front 35

Planes

Back 35

Imaginary flat surfaces that are used to divide the body.
(eg. frontal, sagittal, transverse, oblique)

Front 36

Body cavities

Back 36

Spaces that help protect, separate, and support internal organs.
(eg. cranial cavity, vertebral canal, thoracic cavity, abdominal cavity, pelvic cavity)

Front 37

Sections

Back 37

Flat surfaces resulting from dissection along a plane (ie. cuts through the body structures).

Sections receive their name for the plane along which they were cut (eg. midsagittal, parasagittal, transverse, coronal, oblique).

Front 38

Cranial Cavity

Back 38

Formed by the cranial bones.
Supports the brain.

Front 39

Vertebral Canal

Back 39

Formed by the vertebral column.

Contains spinal cord and the beginnings of spinal nerves.

Front 40

Three layers of protective tissue surrounding the brain in the cranial cavity

Back 40

Meninges: A shock-absorbing fluid composed of dura mater*, arachnoid*, and pia mater*.

*do not need to study for quiz.

Front 41

Viscera (organs) of the abdominal cavity

Back 41

Stomach

Spleen

Pancreas

Liver

Galbladder

Small intestine

Most of the large intestine

Front 42

Viscera (organs) of the pelvic cavity

Back 42

Urinary bladder

Portions of large intestine

Internal reproductive structures

Front 43

Serous Membrane

Back 43

Thin, slippery membrane within the thoracic and abdominal cavities.
Composed of visceral and parietal layers.

Front 44

Parietal layer of serous membrane

Back 44

Lines the walls of the thoracic and abdominal cavities.

Front 45

Visceral layer of serous membrane

Back 45

Lines the organs of the thoracic and abdominal cavities.

Front 46

Types of Medical Imaging

Back 46

Radiography

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

Computed Tomography (CT)

Ultrasound Scanning

Coronary Computer Tomography Angiography (CCTA) Scan

Positron Emission Tomography

Endoscopy

Radionuclide Scanning

Front 47

Radiography

Back 47

Process: A single barrage of X-rays passes through the body, producing 2-d image of interior structures on X-ray sensitive film (aka radiograph aka X-ray).

Use: Inexpensive, quick, simple.

Front 48

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

Back 48

Process: The body is exposed to a high-energy magnetic field, causing in proteins in body fluids to realign themselves in relation to the field. Then a pulse of radio waves reads these patterns, and a color-coded image is assembled on a monitor. The result is a 2- or 3-d blueprint of cellular chemistry.

Uses: Shows fine detail for soft tissues (but not bones). Detects tumors and artery-clogging plaques. Reveals brain abnormalities. Measures blood-flow. Detects disorders among kidneys, liver, and muscles.

Front 49

Computed Tomography

Back 49

Process: X-ray beam traces an arc at multiple angles around a section of the body. The resulting transverse section of the body, called a CT scan, is shown on a video monitor.

Use: Visualizes soft tissues and organs with much more detail than conventional radiographs. Differing tissue densities show up as varying shades of grey. Multiple scans can be assembled to produce a 3-d image. Used for screening lung & kidney cancers as well as coronary artery disease.

Front 50

Ultrasound Scanning

Back 50

Process: High-frequency waves produced by a hand-held wand reflect off of body tissues and are detected by the wand, producing a sonogram.

Use: Used to observe fetuses, organs, and blood-flow non-invasively: no radiation, no probing, no dyes.

Front 51

Coronary Computed Tomography Angiography (CCTA) Scan

Back 51

Process. 1. Iodine injected intravenously. 2. Beta-blocker is given to decrease heart rate. 3. X-ray beams trace an arc around the heart. 4. Scanner collects X-ray beams. 5. Computer assembles data into a 3-d image of the coronary blood vessels. Entire process takes less than 20 sec.

Use: Detecting coronary artery blockages.

Front 52

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

Back 52

Process: A substance that emits positively-charged particles (positrons) is injected into the body, where the blood stream carries it to the targeted tissues. The collision of the positrons with negatively charged electrons naturally occurring in the tissue produces gamma rays, which are detected by gamma cameras, from which data a PET scan image is constructed. Intense color indicates high activity.

Use: To study the physiology of body structures, such as metabolism in the brain or the heart.

Front 53

Endoscopy

Back 53

Process: The endoscope is a lighted instrument with a lens that is inserted into the body, directly providing visual images.

Use: Colonoscopy examines the inside of the large intestine. Laparoscopy examines the organs within the abdominopelvic cavity. Arthroscopy examines the interior of a joint, usually the knee.

Front 54

Radionuclide Scanning

Back 54

Process: A radioactive substance is consumed or injected intravenously and carried by the bloodstream to the targeted tissue. Gamma rays emitted by the substance are picked up on a gamma camera, from which data is radionuclide image is constructed. Areas of intense color have taken up more of the radionuclide and represent high tissue activity.

Use: For studying the activity of a tissue or organ (eg. when searching for malignant tumors).