Ch.8 Spatial Orientation

Front 1

Why are humans predisposed to spatial disorientation?

Back 1

Humans are best adapted to terrestrial life (ground) and the elements that effect our perception (gravity) of orientation. The unusual three dimensional attributes of flight, alongside the acceleratory effects of flight, on the body can cause an inaccurate perception of orientation as it related to the earth.,

Front 2

How to convert speed into G’s?

Back 2

Divide speed that is in m/s2 by 9.81 or 1 G is equal to 9.81 m/s2 divided by 9.81

Front 3

Angular Velocity?

Back 3

An AC rotated on ground at a rate of ½ turn per min has the same angular V as a standard rate of turn.

Front 4

What is so important about vision?

Back 4

MI sensory modality subserving spatial orientation

Front 5

What are the two visual orientation systems?

Back 5

Object Recognition & Spatial Orientation

Front 6

Why is the vestibular system still an important part of orientation if vision is so important?

Back 6

bc its information is integrated at a very basic neural level

Front 7

How many rods and cones are in the retina?

Back 7

7 mill cones and 100 mill rods

Front 8

What is the fovea centralis or central macula?

Back 8

Area of tightly packed cones that account for the sharpest visual acuity or what is known as Foveal Vision

Front 9

Organization of cells in the retina?

Back 9

Cones/Rods --> Dendritic connections w/ R & C & synaptic connections w/ bipolar cells --> the bipolar cells provide axons that synapse w/ the dendrites/cell body of the multipolar ganglion cells  MGCs axons parallel and converge at the optic disc  both eye axons converge at the OPTIC Chasm --> Optic Tracts -->Lateral Geniculate body

Front 10

Vision is dependent on the _____ portion of the brain; whereas the Vestibular System is more ____?

Back 10

Cerebral, Primitive

Front 11

Visual / Vestibular orientation integration occurs in the _____?

Back 11

Cerebral Cortex, Pontine reticular formation

Front 12

“Parvo” system is associated with _____ & the Magno w/ ____?

Back 12

High spatial resolution (acuity) & color the “What”, Respond better to flicker/motion & insensitive to color the “where”

Front 13

Visual and Vest integration occurs in the ____ & ____, and allows control of basic _____ reflexes.

Back 13

cerebellum & brainstem, equilibratory

Front 14

What is focal vision?

Back 14

Object recognition & Identification- the “what; “Fine detail” due to a Conscious effort in processing and is also related to stimulus energy & refractive error

Front 15

Focal Vision uses the central ____degrees; It is ____ primarily involved w/ orienting the individual

Back 15

30; NOT

Front 16

Although not involved in orientation, Focal Vision is associated with ___ & ____ & _____flight instr.

Back 16

distance / depth / reading

Front 17

Monocular cues (8):

Back 17

Gradient of Texture –
Motion Parallax (optical Flow)–
Illumination Perspective –
Size Consistency –
Shape Consistency –
Interposition –
Aerial Perspective –
Linear Perspective –

Front 18

Binocular cues (3)

Back 18

Vergences –
Accomodation –
Stereopsis –

Front 19

Gradient of Texture –
Motion Parallax (optical Flow)–
Illumination Perspective –
Size Consistency –
Shape Consistency –
Interposition –
Aerial Perspective –
Linear Perspective –

Back 19

Gradient of Texture – apparent loss of detail with distance
Motion Parallax (optical Flow) – distant figure move slower than closer ones when in motion
Illumination Perspective – Light appearing closer or above more shaded parts of the object
Size Consistency – Size of retinal image in relation to known and comparative sizes of objects (little man)
Shape Consistency – Shape of retinal image in relation to known shapes of the object (oval & circle)
Interposition – Partial obstruction from view of more distant objects by nearer ones
Aerial Perspective – object appears to be more distant due to bluish hue or haze (VERY IMPORTANT)
Linear Perspective – Perception of convergent lines in the distance

Front 20

Vergences –
Accomodation –
Stereopsis –

Back 20

Vergences – Convergence of visual path
Accomodation – focusing of image by changing shape of lens
Stereopsis – mind perceives an object of 3-dims by means of the 2 dissimilar pictures projected by it on the two retinæ