Ch8: Appendicular Skeleton

Front 1

What is the general function of the axial skeleton?
The appendicular skeleton?

Back 1

Axial skeleton = protection of internal organs
Appendicular skeleton = movement

Front 2

Identify the location, function, and components of the 2 pectoral/shoulder girdles

Back 2

Fig8-1
-Attach bones of the upper limbs to the axial skeleton
-clavicle, scapula

Front 3

Identify the location, difference in males and females, and ends of the clavicle (=collarbone)

Back 3

Figure 8-2
-Males: rougher & more curved
>>sternal end = medial end, articulates w manubrium of sternum to form sternoclavicular joint
>>Acromial end = lateral end, articulates w acromion of scapula to form acromioclavicular joint (Fig8-1)

Front 4

Identify the location, components, and major surface markings of the scapula (=shoulder blade)

Back 4

Figure 8-3
>>spine = runs diagonally across posterior surface of scapula (Fig8-3b) >>acromion (acrom = topmost; omos = shoulder) = process, projects from lateral end of spine, easily felt as high point of shoulder
>>glenoid cavity = shallow depression inferior to acromion where arm bone attaches (Fig8-1)
>>superior border = superior edge of scapula, joins at superior angle w…
>>medial (vertebral) border = think edge of scapula closer to vertebral column, joins at inferior angle w…
>>lateral (axillary) border = thick edge of scapula closer to arm
>>coracoid process (=like a crow’s beak) = where tendons of muscles & ligaments attach
>>supraspinous & infraspinous fossa = surface of attachment for shoulder’s supraspinatus & infraspinatus muscle
>>subscapular fossa = surface of attachment for subscapularis muscle

Front 5

Identify the location, # of bones, components, of the upper limb/extremity

Back 5

Figure 8-4
-30 bones total
-(1) humerus (2) ulna & radius in forearm (3) 8 carpals in carpus/wrist, 5 metacarpals in metacarpus/palm, 14 phalanges in hand

Front 6

Identify the function, parts and major surface markings of the proximal end of the humerus

Back 6

Figure 8-5
-articulates proximally w scapula, distally w ulna & radius
>>head: articulates w glenoid cavity to form…
>>glenohumeral joint
>>anatomical neck
>>greater tubercle
>>lesser tubercle
>>intertubercular sulcus = between greater&lesser tubercles
>>surgical neck = constriction in humerus, where head tapers to shaft; it is so named bc fractures often occur here
>>body/shaft
>>deltoid tuberosity = point of attachment for tendons of deltoid muscle, at middle of shaft

Front 7

Identify the parts and major surface markings of the distal end of the humerus

Back 7

>>capitulum: articulates w head of radius
>>radial fossa: above the capitulum, articulates w head of radius when forearm is flexed/bent
>>trochlea (= pulley): medial to capitulum, articulates w ulna
>>coronoid fossa (KOR-ō-noyd = crown-shaped) receives coronoid process of ulna when forearm is flexed
>>olecranon fossa receives olecranon/elbow of ulna when forearm is extended (straightened)
>>medial & lateral epicondyle: where tendons of most forearm muscles are attached

Front 8

Identify the location and major surface markings Ulna

Back 8

Figure 8-6
“p.u.” (the pinky is on the ulna side)
>>olecranon = elbow
>>coronoid process: articulates w trochlea of humerus
>>trochlear notch: b/w olecranon & coronoid process
>>head: attaches to wrist by fibrocartilage disc
>>styloid process: attachment for ulnar collateral ligament to wrist

Front 9

Identify the location and major surface markings of the radius

Back 9

Figure 8-6a
=smaller bone of forearm, on thumb side of forearm
>>head: articulates w capitulum of humerus & radial notch of ulna
>>radial tuberosity = point of attachment for tendons of biceps brachii muscle
>>styloid process: provides attachment of radial collateral ligament to wrist
>>radiocarpal/wrist joint: where distal end of radius articulates w 3 wrist bones (lunate, scaphoid, triquetrum)

Front 10

Which two places do the ulna and radius articulate with the humerus at the elbow joint?

Back 10

Articulation occurs in two places
(1) where head of the radius articulates w capitulum of humerus (Fig8-7a)
(2) where trochlear notch of ulna articulates w trochlea of humerus (Fig8-7b)

Front 11

Identify arrangement and names of the 8 carpal bones (do not need to know their precise positions)

Back 11

(Fig8-8 p244)
-arranged in 2 transverse rows of 4 bones each
(mnemonic: Stop Letting Those People Touch The Cadaver’s Hand)
(1) scaphoid = boatlike (2) lunate = moon-shaped (3) triquetrum = three-cornered (4) pisiform = pea-shaped (5) trapezium = four-sided figure w no 2 sides parallel (6) trapezoid = 4 sided figure w 2 sides parallel (7) capitate = head-shaped (8) hamate = hooked

Front 12

What is the most frequently fractured carpal (wrist bone)?

Back 12

Scaphoid

Front 13

Identify the location of the 5 metacarpals

Back 13

-on metacarpus/palm
-each metacarpal bone consists of a base, shaft, and head (Fig8-8b)
-numbered I to V (or 1–5) starting w thumb
>>heads/knuckles: articulate w proximal phalanges

Front 14

Identify the components of the 14 phalanges of each hand (singular: phalanx)

Back 14

1 digit consists of 3 phalanges
>> base (proximal)
>>shaft
>>head (distal)
Pollex/Thumb = 2 phalanges (no shaft/middle phalanx)

Front 15

What are the alternate names of the 2 hipbones of the pelvic (hip) girdle?

Back 15

Hipbones = pelvic bones / coxal / os coxa

Front 16

Define the pubic symphysis

Back 16

=cartilaginous joint where hip bones unite anteriorly

Front 17

Identify the components and functions of the bony pelvis

Back 17

=composed of hip bones, pubic symphysis, and sacrum
-supports vertebral column and pelvic and lower abdominal organs
-connects lower limbs to axial skeleton

Front 18

Compare the pectoral (shoulder) girdle and the pelvic (hip) girdle

Back 18

-Pectoral girdle does not directly articulate w vertebral column // pelvic girdle does (via sacroiliac joint)
-Pectoral girdle: sockets (glenoid fossae) for upper limbs = shallow, maximize movement // Pelvic girdle: sockets (acetabula) for lower limbs = deep, allow less movement
-Pectoral girdle structure = more mobility than strength // pelvic girdle = more strength than mobility

Front 19

Each of the 2 hip bones of a new born consist of 3 bones separated by cartilage. Name these 3 bones.
When do they fuse together?

Back 19

Ilium, Pubis, Ischium
By age 23

Front 20

Identify the location, components, and major surface markings of the Ilium

Back 20

Figure 8-10b, c
-composed of an ala (= wing) and a body
>>acetabulum = socket for femur
>>iliac crest = superior border of ilium, ends in…
>>anterior superior iliac spine
>>anterior inferior iliac spine
>>posterior superior iliac spine: where iliac crest ends posteriorly
>>posterior inferior iliac spine
***spines serve as points of attachment for tendons of trunk, hip, and thigh muscles
>>greater sciatic notch: where sciatic nerve passes (longest nerve in body)
>>iliac fossa = concavity where iliacus muscle tendon attaches

Front 21

Identify the location, components, and major surface markings of the Ischium

Back 21

Figure 8-10b, c
-composed of body & ramus (=portion of ischium that fuses w pubis)
>>ischial spine
>>lesser sciatic notch: below spine
>>ischial tuberosity
>>obturator foramen: largest foramen in body, mostly closed by fibrous obturator membrane

Front 22

Identify the location, components, and major surface markings of the Pubis (=pubic bone)

Back 22

=anterior and inferior part of hip bone (Fig8-10b, c)
>>body
>>pubic crest = anterior, superior border of body
>>hip/coxal joint = acetabulum + femoral head

Front 23

Identify the location and functions of the False (greater) pelvis

Back 23

Figure 8-11b
=space enclosed by the false pelvis is part of the lower abdomen; it does not contain pelvic organs, except for the urinary bladder (when it is full) and the uterus, ovaries, and uterine tubes of the female. This is even more so the case during pregnancy

Front 24

Identify the location, components of the True (lesser) pelvis

Back 24

Figure 8-11b
-has an inlet, an outlet, and a cavity
-surrounds pelvic cavity (Fig1.9 p17)
>>pelvic inlet: superior opening
>>pelvic outlet: inferior opening

Front 25

What is the significance of the pelvic axis

Back 25

=course taken by a baby's head as it descends through the pelvis during childbirth

Front 26

Name the #, components, and the bones of the lower limbs/extremities

Back 26

-Each lower limb (lower extremity) has 30 bones
-thigh, knee, leg, ankle, foot, and toes
(1) the femur in the thigh; (2) the patella (kneecap); (3) the tibia and fibula in the leg; (4) and the 7 tarsals in the tarsus (ankle), the 5 metatarsals in the metatarsus, and the 14 phalanges (bones of the digits) in the foot (Figure 8-12)

Front 27

Identify the location, function of the femur (=thigh bone)

Back 27

(Figure 8-13)
=longest, heaviest, strongest bone in body
-proximal end articulates w acetabulum of hip bone
-distal end articulates with tibia & patella
>>body (shaft) of the femur angles medially and, as a result, the knee joints are closer to the midline. The angle (angle of convergence) is greater in females because the female pelvis is broader.
>>head: articulates w acetabulum to form hip/coxal joint
>>neck
>>greater & lesser trochanter = points of attachment for tendons of some of thigh & buttock muscles
>>line aspera: attachment point for tendons of some thigh muscles
>>medial condyle (= knuckle) & lateral condyle >> articulate w medial & lateral condyles of tibia
>>patellar surface: located between condoyles
>>medial & lateral epicondyle: where ligaments of the knee joint attach

Front 28

Identify the location and important functions of the patella (=kneecap). Name the scientific term for “runner’s knee”

Back 28

Figure 8-14)
-increases leverage of tendon of quadriceps femoris muscle
-maintains position of tendon when knee is bent (flexed)
-protects the knee joint.
Patellofemoral stress syndrome (increased P on joint = causing aching & tenderness)

Front 29

Identify the location, function, major surface markings of the tibia (=shin bone)

Back 29

Fig8-15
-weight-bearing bone of leg, articulates w femur
=most frequently fractured & most frequent site of an open (compound) fracture
>>lateral & medial condoyle: articulate with femoral condoyles to form…
>>tibiofemoral (knee) joints
>>tibial tuberosity =point of attachment for patellar ligament
>>medial malleolus: articulates w talus of ankle & forms prominence that can be felt on medial surface of ankle

Front 30

Identify the location, function, major surface markings of the fibula

Back 30

Figure 8-15 *fibula = LAteral
-does not articulate w femur & tibia
-stabilizes ankle joint, commonly used for bone grafting
>>head: articulates w lateral condyle of tibia
>>lateral malleolus: articulates w talus of ankle & forms prominence on lateral surface of ankle

Front 31

Identify the location and components of the 7 Tarsal bones of the tarsus/ankle

Back 31

Figure 8-16
>>talus = ankle bone
>>calcaneus = heel
>>cuboid (=cube shaped)
>>navicular (=like a little boat)

Front 32

Identify the location and names of the 3 cuneiform (=wedge-shaped) bones in the tarsus

Back 32

-third (lateral)
-second (intermediate)
-first (medial) cuneiforms

Front 33

Identify the location and components of the 5 metatarsals in the metatarsus

Back 33

-numbered I-V, from medial to lateral position (Fig8-16)
-consists of base, shaft, head
-articulate w 1st, 2nd, 3rd cuneiform bones
***1st metatarsal is thicker than others bc it bears more weight

Front 34

Identify the location of the phalanges

Back 34

-numbered I-V beginning with great toe, from medial to lateral
-Each phalanx (singular) consists of a base, shaft, and head (=proximial, middle, distal)
-hallux: big toe (hallux) = only proximal & distal phalanges

Front 35

Identify the location, functions and components of the Medial & lateral longitudinal arches

Back 35

(Figure 8-17)
-arranges bones of foot
-enable foot to support weight of body
-provide an ideal distribution of body weight over soft & hard tissues of foot
-provide leverage while walking
-yield as weight is applied, spring back when weight is lifted >>store energy for next step & help absorb shocks
Longitudinal arch has two parts >> medial part; lateral part (so high that medial portion of foot b/w ball & heel does not touch ground when you walk on a hard surface

Front 36

Identify the location, components of transverse arch

Back 36

-formed by navicular, 3 cuneiforms, and bases of 5 metatarsals

Front 37

Compare the principal structural differences between female and male skeletons, especially those that pertain to the pelvis

Back 37

Table 8-1