Ch.7 Memory

Front 1

memory

Back 1

retention of information over time

Front 2

memory illusion

Back 2

false but subjectively compelling memory

Front 3

sensory memory

Back 3

brief storage of perceptual information before it is passed to short-term memory

Front 4

iconic memory

Back 4

visual sensory memory

Front 5

echoic memory

Back 5

auditory sensory memory

Front 6

shot-term memory

Back 6

memory system that retains information for limited durations

Front 7

decay

Back 7

fading of information fro memory

Front 8

interference

Back 8

loss of information for memory because of competition from additional incoming information

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retroactive inhibition

Back 9

interference with retention of old information due to acquisition of new information

Front 10

proactive inhibition

Back 10

interference with acquisition of new information due to previous leaning of information

Front 11

magic number

Back 11

the span of short-term memory 5-9 pieces of information

Front 12

chunking

Back 12

organizing information into meaningful groupings, allowing us to extend the span of short term memory

Front 13

rehearsal

Back 13

repeated information to extend the duration of retention in short-term memory

Front 14

maintenance rehearsal

Back 14

repeating stimuli in their original for to retain them in short-term memory

Front 15

elaborative rehearsal

Back 15

linking stimuli to each other in a meaningful way to improve retention of information in short-term memory

Front 16

long-term memory

Back 16

sustained (from minutes to years) retention of information stored regarding our facts, experiences, and skills

Front 17

permastore

Back 17

type of long-term memory that appears to be permanent

Front 18

primacy effect

Back 18

tendency to remember words at the beginning of a list especially well

Front 19

recency effect

Back 19

tendency to remember words at the end of a list especially well

Front 20

von restorff effect

Back 20

tendency to remember distinctive stimuli better than less distinctive stimuli

Front 21

serial positive curve

Back 21

graph depicting the effect of both primacy and recency on people's ability to recall items on a list

Front 22

semantic memory

Back 22

our knowledge of facts about the world

Front 23

episodic memory

Back 23

recollection of event in our lives

Front 24

explicit memory

Back 24

memories we recall intentionally and of which we have conscious awareness

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implicit memory

Back 25

memories we dont deliberately remember or reflect on consciously

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procedural memory

Back 26

memory for how to do things including motor skills and habits

Front 27

priming

Back 27

our ability to identify a stimulus more easily or more quickly after we've encountered similar stimuli

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encoding

Back 28

process of getting information into our memory banks

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mnemonic

Back 29

a earning aid, strategy, or device that enhances recall

Front 30

storage

Back 30

process of keeping information in memory

Front 31

schema

Back 31

organized knowledge structure or mental model that we've stored in memory

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retrieval

Back 32

reactivation or reconstruction of experiences from our memory stores

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retrieval cues

Back 33

hints that make it easier for is to recall information

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recall

Back 34

generating previously remembered information

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recognition

Back 35

selecting previously remembered information from an array of options

Front 36

relearning

Back 36

reacquiring knowledge that we;d perviously learned but largely forgotten over time

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distributed practice

Back 37

studying information in small increments over time

Front 38

massed practice

Back 38

studying information in large increments over a brief amount of time

Front 39

tip-of-tongue phenomenon

Back 39

experience of knowing that we know something but being unable to access it

Front 40

encoding specificity

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phenomenon if remembering something better when the conditions under which we retrieve information are similar to the conditions under which we encoded it

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context-dependent learning

Back 41

superior retrieval of memories when the external context of the original memories matches the retrieval context

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state-dependent learning

Back 42

superior retrieval of memories when the organism is in the same psychological or psychological state as it was during encoding

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retrograde amnesia

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loss of memories from our past

Front 44

anterograde amnesia

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inability to encode new memories from our experiences

Front 45

meta-memory

Back 45

knowledge about our own memory abilities and limitations

Front 46

infantile amnesia

Back 46

inability of adults to remember personal experiences that took place before an early age

Front 47

flashbulb memories

Back 47

emotional memories that are extraordinary vivid and detailed

Front 48

source monitoring

Back 48

ability to identify the origins of a memory

Front 49

cryptoamnesia

Back 49

failure to recognize that our ideas originated with someone else

Front 50

misinformation effect

Back 50

creation of fictitious memories by providing misleading information about an event after it takes place