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44 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Energy

The capacity to do work

Kinetic Energy

The energy of motion

First Law of Thermodynamics

Energy cannot be created or destroyed

Entropy

Measure of how much the energy of a system is dispersed

Second Law of Thermodynamics

Energy tends to disperse spontaneously

Potential energy

Stored energy

Reaction

Process of chemical change

Reactants

Molecules that enter a reaction

Products

A molecule that remains at the end of a reaction

Free energy

The amount of energy available to do work; depends on the bond entry and entropy

Endorgenic

Type of reaction that requires a net input of free energy to proceed; Converts molecules with low energy to molecules with higher energy.

Exergonic

Type of reaction that ends with a net release of free energy; Convert molecules with high energy to molecules with lower energy.

Activation energy

Minimum amount of energy required to start a reaction

ATP Adenosine triphospate

An energy carrier that couples endorgonic with exergonic reactions in cells; Nucleotide with three phosphate groups whose bonds hold a lot of energy; transfer of phosphate group from ATP to a molecule transfer energy and is used as part of endergonic reaction.

Phosphorylation

The transfer of a phosphate group

ATP/ADP cycle

The cycle of using and replenishing ATP. ATP->ADP. ADP->ATP

Catalysis

The acceleration of a reaction rate by a molecule that is unchanged by participating in the reaction

Substrate

A molecule that is specifically acted upon by an enzyme

Active site

Pocket in an enzyme where substrate bind and a reaction occurs; site is complimentary in shape, size, polarity, and charge to the enzymes substrate

Enzyme reaction

Enzyme enhances the rate of reaction by lowering its activation energy; Enzymes function best at certain temperatures, pH, and salt concentration.


1. Helping substrates get together (Closer the better)


2.Orienting substrates in position that favor reaction


3.inducing a fit between enzyme and substrate


4.shutting out water molecules

Induced-fit model

Substrate binding to an active site improves the fit between the two; Enzyme changes shape for better fit=stronger bond

Cofactor

Atoms or molecules(other than proteins) that associate with an enzyme and is necessary for its function

Coenzyme

Organic molecule that is a cofactor

Antioxidant

Substance that prevents molecules from reacting with oxygen; oxygen reactions often free radicals which attack biological structures of atoms

Metabolism

The activities by which cells acquire and use energy as they build and break down organic molecules.

Metabolic pathway

Series of enzyme-mediated reaction by which cells build, remodel, or break down an organic molecule

Feedback inhibition

Mechanism by which a change that results from some activity decreases or stops the activity

Allosteric

Describes a region of an enzyme other than an active site that can bind regulatory molecules in a way that enhances or inhibits

Redox reaction

Oxidation-reduction reaction in which one molecule accepts electrons (it becomes reduced) from one another molecule (which become oxidized). Also called electron transfer

Electron transfer chain

Array of enzymes and other molecules that accept and give up electrons in sequence, thus releasing the energy of the electrons in usable increments

Concentration

Number of molecules or ions per unit volume; the amount of solute in a given amount of fluid

Concentration gradient

Difference in concentration between adjoining regions of fluid

Diffusion

Net movement of molecules or ions from a region where they are more concentrated to a region where they are less so; Diffusion depends on 5 factors:


1. Size: it takes more energy to move larger molecules which is why smaller molecules diffuse more quickly than larger ones


2. Temperatures: molecules move faster at higher temperature = more collision = faster the diffusion


3. Steepness of the concentration gradient: rate of diffusion is higher with steeper gradient, because molecules collide more often in a region of greater concentration


4. Charge can affect the rate and direction of diffusion; opposite charges attract.


5. Pressure- higher pressure squeezes molecules together = more collisions

Hypotonic

Describes a fluid with lower overall solute concentration relative to another fluid

Hypertonic

Describes a fluid with higher over solute concentration relative to another fluid

Isotonic

Describes two fluids with the same amount of overall solute concentration

Osmosis

The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane I'm response to two differing overall solute concentration ; Fluids flow from hypotonic to hypertonic.

Turgor

Pressure that a fluid exerts against a wall, membrane, or other structure that contains it

Osmotic pressure

Amount of turgor that prevents osmosis into cytoplasm or other hypertonic fluid

Passive transport

Mechanism by which a concentration gradient drives the movement of a solute across a cell membrane through a transport protein. Requires no energy input

Active transport

Energy requiring mechanism by which a transport protein pumps a solute across a cell membrane against its concentrating gradient

Exocytosis

Process by which a cell expels a vesicle ' contents to extracellular fluid

Endocytosis

Process by which a cell takes in a small amount of extracellular fluid by the ballooning inward of its plasma membrane

Phagoctosis

"Cell eating"; an endocytic pathway by which a cell engulfs particles such as microbes or cellular debris