Ch.3 Molecules Of Life

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Trans fat

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Fats with a certain arrangement of hydrogen atoms around the carbon chain

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Carbon atoms

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All molecules of life are built with carbon atoms; complex carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acid; versatile behavior allows it to form 4 covalent bonds

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Organic

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Type of compound that consists primarily of carbon and hydrogen atoms

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Structural formulas

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Shows atoms and bonds; some abbreviated for atoms such as carbons at the corners of ring structures

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Molecular models

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Shows positions of atoms in 3-D; Ball-and-stick module,l and space-fillimg module

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Hydrocarbon

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Organic molecule that consists only of hydrogen and carbon atoms.

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Functional group

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Cluster of atoms covalently bonded to a carbon atom of an organic molecule; imparts a specific chemical property such as polarity and acidity

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Monomers

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Subunits of polymers; ex: simple sugars, fatty acids, amino acids, and nucleotides

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Polymers

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Molecule that consist of multiple monomers; ex. Complex carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acid

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Metabolism

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Cells acquire and use energy as they make and break apart organic compounds; Cells build polymers from monomers then release monomers by breaking down polymers; these activities help cells to stay alive, grow, and reproduce

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Enzymes

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Organic molecules (such as protein) that speed up reactions without being changed by them. Metabolism requires enzymes

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Condensation

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Process in which an enzyme covalently bonds two molecules together.

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Hydrolysis

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Breaks apart large organic molecules into smaller ones; Enzymes break a bond by attaching a hydroxyl group to one atom and hydrogen atom to the other.

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Carbohydrates

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Organic compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen 1:2:1 ratio. 3 main types of carbs are monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides

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Monosaccharides

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(One sugar unit) simplest type of carbs. Common monosaccharides have a backbone of 5 or 6 carbons atoms, 1 carbonyl group, and 2 or more hydroxyl group. Enzymes can easily break the bonds of monosaccharides to release energy.

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Glucose

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Monosaccharides with 6 carbon atoms. Used as fuel to drive cellular processes or as structural material to build larger molecules

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Oligosaccharide

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Short chain of covalently bonded monosaccharides

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Polysaccharides

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Complex carbs, straight or branched chains of many sugar monomers, often hundreds or thousands of them; common types are cellulose, glycogen, and starch.

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Lipids

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Fatty, oily, or waxy organic compounds. All are hydrophobic (does not dissolve easily in water)

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Fatty acids

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Small organic molecules that consist of a hydrocarbon tail topped with a carboxyl group head. Tail is hydrophobic and head is hydrophilic. Ex. Soap, tail attracts the dirt, head dissolves the dirt

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Saturated

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Single bonds in the fatty acids hydroxyl tail (hydrophobic)

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Unsaturated

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One or more double bonds in the fatty acids tail

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Fats

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Lipids with one, two, or three fatty acids bonded to a small alcohol called glycerol

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Triglyceride

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A fat with three fatty acid tails; it also hydrophobic; the most abundant and richest energy source in vertebrate bodies

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Phospholipid

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Lipid with a phosphate group in its hydrophilic head, and two nonpolar fatty acid hydrophobic tails; main constituent of eukaryotic cell membranes.

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Wax

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Water-repellent mixture of lipids with long fatty acid tails bonded to long-chain alcohols or carbon rings

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Steroids

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Type of lipid with a four carbon rings and no fatty acid tails; all eukaryotic cell membrane contain them.

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Proteins

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Organic compound that consists of one or more chains of amino acids(polypeptides); the order of amino acids in a polypeptide chain dictate the type of protein; protein move substance, help cells communicate, and defend the body

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Amino acids

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Small organic compound with an amine group, a carboxyl (the acid), and one or more atoms called the R Group

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Protein synthesis

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Covalently bonding amino acids into a chain.

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Peptide bond

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A bond between the amine group and the carboxyl group of another. Joins amino acids in proteins

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Polypeptide

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Chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds

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Denature

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To unravel the shape of a protein or other large biological molecule; once the protein shape unravels, so does it's function

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Prion

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Infectious protein; ex. One unravels causing others to unravel

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Nucleotides

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Small organic molecules that function as energy carriers, enzyme helpers, chemical messengers, and subunits of DNA and RNA. Consist of sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogen-containing base

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ATP

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Adenosine triphospate. Nucleotide that consists of an adenine base, a five-carbon ribose sugar, and three phosphate groups

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Nucleic acid

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Single or double stranded chain of nucleotides joined by sugar phosphate bonds; ex DNA, RNA

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RNA

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Ribonucleic acid; named after the ribose sugar of its component nucleotides. Consists of 4 kinds of nucleotide monomers, one of which is ATP. Carry out protein synthesis

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DNA

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Deoxyribonucleic Acid; Nucleic acid that carries hereditary information about traits; consist of two nucleotide chains twisted in a double helix

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Protein structure

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Primary: amino acids linked by peptide bonds creating a polypeptide

Secondary: polypeptides twist into loops, sheets, and coils.

Tertiary: Pack into functional domains

Quaternary: many proteins, including most enzymes, consist of two or more polypeptides

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Primary wall

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The first cell wall of young plants created by secreting strands of cellulose into the coating

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Secondary wall

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Lignin reinforced wall that forms inside the primary wall of a plant

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Lignin

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Material that stiffens cell walls of vascular plants; organic compound that make up as much as 25% of the secondary wall of cells in older stems and roots

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Cell junction

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Structure that connects a cell to another cell or to extracellular matrix

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Tight junctions

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Arrays of fibrous proteins; join epithelial cells and collectively prevent fluids from leaking between them

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Adhering junctions

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Cell junction composed of adhesion proteins; anchors cells to each other and extracellular matrix

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Gap junctions

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Cell junction that forms a channel across the plasma membranes of adjoining cells

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Plasmodesma

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Cell junctions that connect the cytoplasm of adjacent plant cells