Ch2:classification Schemes & Evolutionary History

Front 1

Cladogenesis

Back 1

single lineage gives rise to two speices....those speices later split and so on.

Front 2

What process gives rise to biodiversity from a single ancestor?

Back 2

cladognesis

Front 3

How many speices are described?

Back 3

1.5 million

Front 4

How many speices in existance?

Back 4

10-100 million

Front 5

What percent of all speices ever existed are living today?

Back 5

less then 1%

Front 6

The estimate of the realtionship among some of the major branches is mostly based on what in the teree of life?

Back 6

DNA sequences

Front 7

Phylognetic analysis

Back 7

study of relatinship among speices

Front 8

Phylognetic (genealongicl)

Back 8

relatinship among organism

Front 9

Phylogenies

Back 9

tree-like diagrams that represent a hypothesis of proposed evolutionary relatinships among orgnaisms that share a common ancestor

Front 10

What are used to reconstruct evolutionary history (tree of life)?

Back 10

living species and fossil record

Front 11

Why are evoluionary relationship important?

Back 11

because they lay the forudnation for other hypothesis: ex. the pathways by which various characteristics have evolved

Front 12

Systematics

Back 12

the feild of biology concerned with naming organsims and uncovering their evoluitonary history

Front 13

taxonomy

Back 13

classification & naming of organisms

Front 14

Binomial nomenclature

Back 14

every speices given a specific ephithet or genus and speices

Homo spaiens

Plethodon cinereus

Front 15

Hierarchical classification

Back 15

classification of groups nested within larger groups (genera in fmailies)

Front 16

Taxonomic categories

Back 16

levels within the hierarchial classification

K, P, C, O,F,G,S

Front 17

Taxon (taxa)

Back 17

a particualr gorup of oransisms assigned to a taxanomic categroy

Front 18

taxonomy of wood frog Rana sylvatica

Species:
Genus:
Family:
ORder:
Class:
Phylum:
Kingdom:

Back 18

Species: sylvatica
Genus: Rana
Family:Ranidae
Order:Anura
Class:Lissamphibia
Phylum:chordata
Kingdom: Animalia

Front 19

Tree of life (phylogenetic tree)

Back 19

forme dby all species extant & extinct. In which closely adjacent twigs represent living species dreived only recnetly form their common ancestors, wheras twigs on differnt branches represent species derived from more anciend commn ancestors

Front 20

Why did classifcation take on an entirley new dimentsion with the publicatin of the Origin

Back 20

now deraling iwth relationship- very specific

Front 21

What did the concpet of "closel related" species now meant

Back 21

shares a more recent common ancestor than less lcosely related species.

Front 22

How are we able to infer the history of branching?

Back 22

by measuring similiarty or diffences among extant taxa, since speices beocme steadily more differnt form one another after they diferge

Front 23

Character

Back 23

refers to any measurable characericic of an organism

-differ among groups of oranisms

Front 24

Character states

Back 24

each character has a differnt one

3 versus 4 chambered heart
2 veruse 4 limbs

Front 25

How can character states occur?

Back 25

in an ancestral or derived (newly evolved) condition

Front 26

Plesiomorphic

Back 26

anchestral charcters (0)

Front 27

Apomorphic

Back 27

derived characters (1,2,3)

Front 28

Monophyletic groups:

Back 28

the set of species derived from one common ancesteor

Front 29

synapopmorphies

Back 29

shared derived charecter state

Front 30

What 2 types of matrices can be calculated?

Back 30

overall similarity (shared character state)

shared dderived characters states

Front 31

what is not a relaiable indicator of common ancestory

Back 31

overall simialrity

Front 32

what is a relaible indicator of common ancestoray (closely related)

Back 32

derived characters

Front 33

ONly _____ can accurely indicate ____ groups

Back 33

synaporopiies

monphytletic groups

Front 34

Autapomorphies

Back 34

derived states in a single lineage - do no provide any evidenc eregarding realtionship to toehr gorups

Front 35

homologous

Back 35

a character state inheirted by all taxa whitout change in the common ancestor

Front 36

homoplasius

Back 36

acharacter has independly evovleved two or mor tiems
-did not inherit them form a common ancestor

-includes covnergent evolution and reversal

Front 37

convergent evolution

Back 37

the independed orgin of a derived character state in two or more taxon

Front 38

What provieds misleading evidence about phylogenty

Back 38

homoplasius characters (either covnergencies or reversals)

Front 39

When are shared derived character statis are valid evidence of monophyly

Back 39

when they are uniquely derived

Front 40

Parsimony

Back 40

the simplest explanation, requireing the fewest undocumeted assumtions, shoud be preferred over explatnions that are more complicated and requed more asumpiton of which evidece is lacking

-means choosing the tree with the fewest evoltionary steps or changes

-used to figure out characters that are derived and when dealin gwith homoplasius hcaracters

Front 41

Outgroups

Back 41

distantly related taxa relative to ingroups

-involved comparing the goup in qustion (ingorp) with taxon or taxa that are known to have evolved piror to diversitificaton of the ingrouop

Front 42

Ingropu

Back 42

the monphylteic ste of specis whose relationship we wish to infer

Front 43

How many synaporoies unite chims and humans as sister gorups

Back 43

14

Front 44

sister groups

Back 44

groups derived form a commn ancestor that is not shared with any other groups.

Front 45

How can phylogentic hyphothesis be validtated

Back 45

best way to test these hypothes is to establish indipended lines of evidence.


-or apply them to known experimental phylogneies

Front 46

two independed lines of evidence?

Back 46

morphology and DNA

Front 47

Potential problems in sorting out phylogentic relatinship

Back 47

hybridization cna result in reticulate evolution

horizaontal gene flow

Front 48

Hybridization

Back 48

interbreeding bewn 2 ancestors speices

Front 49

REticulated evoltuion

Back 49

tenative eviddece of evoultion by hybridization

-causes some genes in the hyprid population to be more closely related to genes in each of the thwo theor spieces lineased

-net froms

Front 50

horizaontal gene flwo

Back 50

involves incorportaion of just a few genes form one speices into the gentome of another

-old world monkeys and cats share viorgnee