• Shuffle
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Alphabetize
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Front First
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Both Sides
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Read
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
Reading...
Front

Card Range To Study

through

image

Play button

image

Play button

image

Progress

1/18

Click to flip

Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;

Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;

H to show hint;

A reads text to speech;

18 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
The main input to the ANS comes from
autonomic (visceral) sensory neurons. Mostly, these neurons are associated with interoceptors (receptors inside the body), such as chemoreceptors that monitor blood CO2 level, and mechanoreceptors that detect the degree of stretch in the walls of organs or blood vessels.
Autonomic motor neurons
regulate visceral activities by either increasing (exciting) or decreasing (inhibiting) activities in their effector tissues, which are cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands. Changes in the diameter of the pupils, dilation and constriction of blood vessels, and adjustment of the rate and force of the heartbeat are examples of autonomic motor responses.
Most autonomic responses cannot be consciously altered or suppressed to any great degree.

t or F
T
what's responsible for fight, fright, or flight?
The majority of the output of the sympathetic division, often called the fight‐or‐flight division, is directed at the smooth muscle of blood vessels. Sympathetic activities result in increased alertness and enhanced metabolic activities in order to prepare the body for an emergency situation. Responses to such situations, which may occur during physical activity or emotional stress, include a rapid heart rate, faster breathing rate, dilation of the pupils, dry mouth, sweaty but cool skin, dilation of blood vessels to organs involved in combating stress (such as the heart and skeletal muscles), constriction of blood vessels to organs not involved in combating stress (for example, the gastrointestinal tract and kidneys), and the release of glucose from the liver.
During physical or emotional stress, the sympathetic division dominates the parasympathetic division. High sympathetic activity favors body functions that can support vigorous physical activity and rapid production of ATP. At the same time, the sympathetic division decreases body functions that favor the storage of energy. Physical exertion and a variety of emotions—such as fear, embarrassment, or rage—stimulate the sympathetic division. Visualizing body changes that occur during “E situations” such as exercise, emergency, excitement, and embarrassment, will help you remember most of the sympathetic responses. Activation of the sympathetic division and release of hormones by the adrenal medullae set in motion a series of physiological responses collectively called the fight‐or‐flight response
the balance b/w sympathetic and parasympathetic activiy is regulated by the
hypothalamus
Control over the ANS is by
CNS
The preganglionic axons leave the spinal cord along with the somatic motor neurons via the
anterior rootlets of the spinal nerve. After exiting via the spinal nerve trunk through the intervertebral foramina, the myelinated preganglionic sympathetic axons pass into the anterior root of a spinal nerve and enter a short pathway called a white ramus (RĀ‐mus) before passing to the nearest sympathetic trunk ganglion on the same side (Figure 19.5). Collectively, the white rami are called the white rami communicantes [Pronunciation] (kō‐mū‐ni‐KAN‐tēz; singular is ramus communicans). The “white” in their name indicates that they contain myelinated axons. Only the thoracic and first two or three lumbar nerves have white rami communicantes, because these thoracolumbar output levels are the only levels from which sympathetic preganglionic motor neurons (the myelinated neurons of the autonomic motor pathway) leave the spinal cord (as a result of the development pattern discussed previously). The white rami communicantes connect the anterior ramus of the spinal nerve with the ganglia of the sympathetic trunk.
The axons of postganglionic neurons in the gray rami are
unmyelinated
ganglion
usually a group of neronal cell bodies lying outside the CNS
glial cells
are non-neuronal cells that maintain homeostasis, form myelin, and provide support and protection for neurons in the brain, and for neurons in other parts of the nervous system such as in the autonomic nervous system.[1]
types of neurons found in ANS
Ganglion – Collection of nerve cell bodies
outside of the CNS.

Preganglionic Neurons – CB in CNS which
projects its axon to a peripheral ganglion

Postganglionic Neurons – CB in peripheral
ganglion its axon projects to an effector.
pregangliotic fibers release
ACh acetylcholine
Postganglionic fibers release
norepinephrine or ACh at
effectors
ans main input comes from
autonomic (visceral)
sensory neurons
Cell bodies of sympathetic preganglionic neurons are
located in
the lateral horns of the gray matter in the 12
thoracic segments and the first two lumbar segments of
the spinal cord
 Thoracolumbar division
 White ramus
 White rami communicantes
 Cell bodies of preganglionic neurons of the
parasympathetic division are located in
in the nuclei of four
cranial nerves in the brain stem (III, VII, IX, and X) and in
the lateral gray horns of the second through fourth sacral
segments of the spinal cord
Craniosacral division
Sympathetic Prevertebral Ganglia
 There are 4 major prevertebral ganglia
Celiac ganglion
 Splanchnic nerves
 Superior mesenteric ganglion
 Inferior mesenteric ganglion
 Lumbar splanchnic nerves
 Aorticorenal ganglion
In the ANS, adrenergic neurons release

(Most sympathetic postganglionic neurons are
adrenergic)
norepinephrine (NE), also known as
noradrenalin